最新刊期
- 摘要：To address the viscosity reduction of fracturing fluids under high-salinity and CO2 environments in shale reservoirs, a CO2 and salt responsive thickening agent (PCSD) was synthesized via a redox polymerization method. A multiple physically crosslinked network was constructed by introducing the CO2-responsive monomer piperidine ethyl methacrylate (PDEMA), the salt-responsive hydrophobic monomer octadecyl poly (ethylene oxide) acrylate (C18EO20A) and sodium alginate (SA) into a polyacrylamide backbone. The CO2 and salt-responsive rheological properties of PCSD were systematically evaluated. The results showed that CO2-induced protonation and electrostatic crosslinking caused a rapid and significant increase in the viscosity of the PCSD solution. Protonation of the PDEMA units enhanced chain hydration and electrostatic repulsion, while electrostatic association with the carboxyl groups of sodium alginate increased the compactness of the network structure. The system also exhibited good response reversibility. After CO2 treatment, the particle size increased from 439 nm to 764 nm and the microstructure evolved from a loose network into a continuous and dense structure. At 120 °C, the viscosity of the CO2-treated system remained at 55 mPa·s. In salt solutions, the viscosity of PCSD exhibited a nonlinear response to salt concentration. In the Na+ system, hydrophobic association induced at low and moderate concentrations increased the viscosity to approximately 72.6 mPa·s, while the particle size increased to 585 nm. However, when the concentration increased to 8000 mg/L, excessive charge screening and salting-out effects weakened the stability of the hydrophobic microdomains, causing the viscosity to decrease to about 41.2 mPa·s. In contrast, the Ca2+ system showed a stronger structure-enhancing effect within the intermediate concentration range. At 4000 mg/L CaCl2, the viscosity reached 128.3 mPa·s and the particle size increased to 2650 nm. Ca²⁺ significantly strengthened the three-dimensional network structure by forming “salt-bridge” crosslinks with the carboxyl groups of sodium alginate. At higher concentrations, however, excessive coordination crosslinking led to network contraction and even phase separation, resulting in a viscosity decrease. Microstructural observations indicated that the Ca2+ system formed a rigid gel network, whereas the Na⁺ system exhibited a dynamic and reversible network. At 120 °C and the optimal salt concentrations, the viscosities of the CaCl2 and NaCl systems were 56 mPa·s and 50 mPa·s, respectively.关键词：shale reservoirs;thickener;CO2 and salt responsiveness;rheological properties;salt resistance performance7|0|0更新时间：2026-06-23
- 摘要：The development of deepwater oil and gas resources is a strategic priority for ensuring national energy security. However, complex alternating temperature environments impose strict requirements for the stable control of drilling fluid rheology. Flat rheology drilling fluids, which maintain relatively stable rheological properties across a wide temperature range, have become a key technology for deepwater drilling. This paper systematically analyzed the regulation mechanisms of flat rheology in water-based, synthetic-based and oil-based drilling fluid systems. It provided a detailed review of research progress regarding additives in these systems. Furthermore, it summarized the characteristics and field applications of typical flat rheology systems both domestically and internationally. Considering the current challenges of flat-rheology drilling fluid technology, including difficulty in precise wide-temperature matching, rheology and sag control in high-density systems, high additive development cost and increasingly stringent environmental requirements, future research should focused on the design of wide-temperature responsive materials, the construction of high-density flat-rheology drilling fluid systems, the synergistic combination of multifunctional additives and the integration of green chemistry with intelligent optimization methods. These efforts were expected to provide theoretical guidance and technical support for the efficient development of deepwater and ultra-deepwater oil and gas resources in China.关键词：deepwater drilling;flat rheology drilling fluid;rheological regulation;drilling fluid processing agent;thermosensitive polymer12|1|0更新时间：2026-06-23
- 摘要：A superamphiphobic nano-SiO₂/epoxy composite coating for gas-anchor inner walls was prepared and the effects of the mass ratio of modified nano-SiO₂ to epoxy resin on wettability, CO₂ corrosion resistance, adhesion and gas-liquid separation performance were investigated. Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) was used to improve the dispersion of nano-SiO₂ in organic media and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane (PFOTS) was introduced to provide low-surface-energy fluorinated groups. The particles were then incorporated into the epoxy matrix through KH-560-assisted film formation. The results showed that when the mass ratio of modified nano-SiO₂ to epoxy resin was 1:2, a relatively complete micro/nano hierarchical rough structure was formed on the coating surface, and the water and oil contact angles reached 165.4° and 159.1°, respectively. Under 55 °C, 5.0 MPa CO₂, 72 h and simulated formation water, the corrosion rate decreased to 0.0074 mm·a⁻¹ and the adhesion rating was 4 B, indicating the synergistic protection provided by the nano-SiO₂ filling-barrier effect and the liquid-repellent interface. Comparative tests on a spiral gas anchor showed that the coated gas anchor exhibited higher separation efficiency and pump efficiency under different gas-liquid ratios, inlet velocities and stroke rates. It maintained stable separation performance under high gas-liquid ratio, high velocity and high stroke rate with a separation efficiency of 83.0% under a representative condition. Regulating inner-wall wettability strengthened near-wall bubble coalescence and detachment, and reduced liquid-film retention and gas entrainment without changing the gas-anchor geometry, providing a materials-interface method for gas-liquid separation in high-gas-content artificial-lift wells.关键词：superamphiphobic nanocoating;modified nano-SiO₂;interfacial wettability;gas anchor;gas-liquid separation7|0|0更新时间：2026-06-23
- 摘要：Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a typical semicrystalline special engineering plastic, has been widely used in high-end manufacturing due to its excellent comprehensive properties. However, as modern industry’s requirements for material properties become increasingly refined and diversified, traditional PEEK resins still have certain limitations in terms of structure and performance under certain extreme conditions or specific functional demands. Therefore, the development of novel polyaryleneetherketone (PAEK) materials featuring innovative chain structures and side-group functionalization via molecular design has emerged as a prominent research focus.This article reviewed the progress of new structure PAEK synthesis technologies in recent years, focusing on the synthesis pathways, reaction mechanisms corresponding to different molecular structure design strategies, and their influence laws on the key performance of the materials. The structure–property relationships between various functional groups and polymer performance were systematically summarized, providing theoretical support for the directional design of material structures. In addition, the article highlighted the application scenarios of new structure PAEK materials in gas separation, exchange membrane fuel cells, microelectronics and other fields. Finally, the challenges faced by new-structure PAEK materials in monomer synthesis, investigation of structure–property relationships and industrial production were discussed along with an outlook on the development of this material.关键词：polyetheretherketon;polyaryleneetherketone;synthesis;polymer;membrane7|0|0更新时间：2026-06-23
- 摘要：The traditional carbon-sorbents face the challenges of mercury secondary release and environmental toxicity effects, which need a technology for immobilization and detoxification of Hg0. Herein, a selenium-sulfur-functionalized sepiolite composite (Se-Sep@ZnS) was synthesized via a mechanochemical strategy. BET, XRD and SEM were employed to characterize the physicochemical properties of the as-prepared sorbent, confirming the successful synthesis of Se-Sep@ZnS with unique two-dimensional lamellar structure, abundant mesopores and highly dispersed active sites. The measurement of performance was conducted to evaluate the effects of selenium doping content, reaction temperature, gas hourly space velocity and flue gas components on the Hg0 removal efficiency of Se-Sep@ZnS in waste incineration flue gas. The results demonstrated that 0.005 M Se-Sep@ZnS possessed an exceptional adsorption rate (2.33 μg/(g·min)) and high mercury immobilization capacity (12.7 mg/g). The immobilization and detoxification mechanism of the composite were elucidated using kinetic models, XPS, TPD-AFS and toxicity characteristic leaching procedures. The results indicated that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting that chemical adsorption predominantly governed the adsorption process. Se-Sep@ZnS possessed abundant active sites (including Se0, Se2-, SO
, S , S2− and Se-S bonds) for effective Hg0 immobilization, among which the presence of Se0 and S22− was key. The spent Se-Sep@ZnS exhibited significantly lower mercury leaching toxicity (1.07 μg/L), which was far below the U.S. EPA regulatory limit. This was because that the adsorbed-mercury species were dominantly HgSe and HgS. It can be observed that Se-Sep@ZnS was friendly environmental and safe, which had good application prospect. 关键词：composites;adsorption;mechanochemistry;flue gas;mercury11|3|0更新时间：2026-06-23 - 摘要：Conductive hydrogels serve as core materials in smart wearable devices, human-machine interaction and extreme environment monitoring, and the wide-temperature monitoring stability and comprehensive performance optimization remain key research focuses. Traditional conductive hydrogel sensors suffer from increased mechanical brittleness and loss of conductivity due to water freezing at low temperatures, severely limiting their application in cold and extreme low-temperature scenarios. Inspired by mussel, this study prepared multifunctional conductive fillers (ZIF-PDA-PEDOT nanoparticles) by modifying zeolite imidazole framework material (ZIF-8) and conductive polymer (PEDOT) with polydopamine (PDA). Subsequently, these nanoparticles, acrylamide (AM) and sodium alginate (SA) were introduced into a LiCl solution. Through radical polymerization, utilizing multiple networks and hydrogen bonds as well as other noncovalent interactions among the components, a self-adhesive, low-temperature-resistant ZIF-PDA-PEDOT/PAM/SA/LiCl semi-interpenetrating antifreeze conductive hydrogel (ZPSL hydrogel) was prepared. The hydrogel exhibited excellent mechanical properties (2462%, 0.391 MPa), electrical conductivity (39.18 S/m), adhesion strength (39 KPa) and freeze resistance (-44 ℃). As a flexible strain sensor, it demonstrated high sensitivity with a gauge factor (GF) of 6.17, making it suitable for applications in human motion monitoring, health monitoring and human-machine interaction. Notably, the sensor maintained good sensing performance at -20 ℃ (GF = 2.298), demonstrating significant potential for flexible wearable electronics in extreme environments.关键词：mussels;PDA;self-adhesion;antifreeze hydrogel;polyacrylamide;flexible sensor8|0|0更新时间：2026-06-23
- 摘要：The hydrogenation of methyl 3-hydroxypropionate, involving the cooperative transformation of hydroxyl and ester groups, represents the key constraint step in the methoxycarbonylation of ethylene oxide followed by hydrogenation route for producing 1,3-propanediol. Therefore, the development of highly efficient hydrogenation catalysts is of central importance for this reaction system. In this work, a series of Cu/ZnO catalysts with different Cu loadings (10%~50%) are prepared via a co-precipitation method and systematically characterized by ICP-OES, N2 physisorption, XRD, XPS, TEM, N2O titration, and H2-TPR to investigate the effects of Cu content on the catalyst structure, Cu-ZnO interaction, and catalytic performance. The results show that the hydrogenation activity of the Cu/ZnO catalysts exhibit a volcano-type trend with increasing Cu loading, initially increasing and subsequently decreasing. Among the catalysts investigated, 40Cu/ZnO (40% Cu) exhibits the highest selectivity toward 1,3-propanediol (69.7%) and the highest formation rate (space-time yield, STY= 46.2g1,3-propanediol·kgCat.-1·h-1), while the turnover frequency (TOF) based on exposed Cu sites reaches 1.0h-1. This superior catalytic performance is likely attributed to its optimal Cu loading, the highest active Cu surface area, and relatively strong Cu-ZnO interaction. These findings reveal how composition regulates the structure-performance relationship of Cu/ZnO catalysts and provide experimental guidance for the rational design of efficient catalysts for 1,3-propanediol synthesis.关键词：catalyst;selectivity;hydrogenation;methyl 3-hydroxypropionate;1,3-propanediol3|0|0更新时间：2026-06-23
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Numerical simulation of local gas-solid heat transfer characteristics of oscillating fluidized bed AI导读
摘要：The oscillating motion of a floating platform significantly affects the flow and heat transfer in a fluidized bed. To clarify the influence of local phase structure variations on the heat transfer coefficient, the local phase structure and heat transfer characteristics in an oscillating fluidized bed were simulated based on the Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid model and the variable gravity vector method. The results showed that the heat transfer coefficient of the particulate phase ranged from 350 to 370 W/(m²·K), that of the bubble phase ranged from 230 to 250 W/(m²·K), and that of the gas phase ranged from 50 to 150 W/(m²·K). The local time-averaged heat transfer coefficient, hlocal, calculated by considering the duration proportion of each phase structure, exhibited significant spatial variation. In the dense bottom region, hlocal remained stable between 320 and 340 W/(m²·K), with fluctuations of less than 5% as the oscillation amplitude and fluidization number varied. In the bed surface fluctuation zone, hlocal continuously decreased with increasing oscillation amplitude; at an amplitude of 20°, it dropped by 24% compared to the upright condition. With increasing fluidization number, hlocal in this zone first increased and then decreased, reaching a maximum at u/umf = 2.5. In the particle splashing zone, hlocal generally increased with oscillation amplitude, rising from 95 W/(m²·K) at 0° to 130 W/(m²·K) at 20°, and increased with the fluidization number. The oscillation period had little effect on hlocal in all zones. The global average heat transfer coefficient, hglobal, estimated by height-weighted averaging of the local time-averaged heat transfer coefficients, showed that at low fluidization numbers, hglobal under oscillating conditions was lower than that under upright conditions, with a reduction of 24.4% at u/umf = 1.5. As the fluidization number increased, hglobal under oscillating conditions gradually became higher than that under upright conditions, and at u/umf = 2.5, the oscillating condition improved hglobal by approximately 5.7% compared to the upright condition.关键词：fluidized-bed;oscillatory motion;heat transfer;numerical simulation;two-phase flow;fluidization7|0|0更新时间：2026-06-23 - 摘要：Gas-liquid stirred reactors often exhibit power reduction under medium to high aeration conditions, leading to decreased gas-liquid dispersion and mass-transfer efficiency. To address this issue, a rotational-perforated mixed-flow impeller (RPMI), integrating blade twist and perforation features, was proposed. In an air-water system, the gas-liquid mixing performance was systematically investigated in terms of power consumption, overall gas holdup, volumetric mass-transfer coefficient (kLa), and mixing time. Response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken design (RSM-BBD) was further employed to optimize key structural parameters, including impeller diameter, perforation diameter, and blade twist angle. Meanwhile, comparative evaluations were conducted with a Rushton turbine and a 45° pitched blade turbine under identical operating conditions. The results showed that the relative power demand (RPD) of the RPMI remained stable at approximately 0.95 under gassed conditions, effectively suppressing power reduction. Its rotational-perforated coupling structure enhanced bubble breakup while inhibiting coalescence, thereby improving overall gas holdup and mass-transfer performance. In addition, the axial-radial composite flow strengthened macroscopic circulation and significantly reduced mixing time. Compared with conventional impellers, the RPMI exhibited superior overall performance in balancing energy consumption and gas-liquid mixing characteristics. The results demonstrate that the rotational-perforated coupling structure effectively enhances gas-liquid dispersion, mass transfer, and mixing performance, thereby providing a new design strategy for high-efficiency, low-energy-consumption gas-liquid mixing equipment.关键词：rotational-perforated mixed-flow impeller;gas-liquid flow;dispersion;mass transfer;mixing;response surface methodology4|0|0更新时间：2026-06-23
- 摘要：Molecular dynamics simulations can reveal the structural characteristics and dynamic behaviors of polyamide reverse osmosis membranes at the atomic scale, providing profound insights into their structure-property relationships and separation mechanisms. Depending on the thermodynamic state of the system, molecular dynamics methods are categorized into equilibrium molecular dynamics (EMD) and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD), which are employed to simulate the hydrated structure and separation behavior of polyamide membranes, respectively. This article systematically reviews the evolution of methods for constructing atomic-level models of polyamide membranes, ranging from direct crosslinking, simplified crosslinking with controlled crosslinking degrees, to the balanced crosslinking method that accurately reflects the membrane formation process. Subsequently, focusing on the commercial FT30 membrane as a representative case, we review the research progress of EMD and NEMD simulations in elucidating water transport mechanisms and salt/solute rejection mechanisms. Furthermore, the structure-property relationships of polyamide membranes are systematically discussed from the perspectives of monomer molecular structure, membrane preparation conditions, membrane parameters, and membrane modification strategies. Finally, we provide an outlook on the future development of molecular dynamics simulations in complex system modeling, multi-scale method integration, and machine learning-assisted material screening, aiming to offer theoretical guidance for the development of high-performance reverse osmosis membrane materials.关键词：reverse osmosis membrane;molecular dynamics simulation;polyamide;structure-performance relationship;transport mechanism4|0|0更新时间：2026-06-22
- 摘要：Urushiol, as the core component of natural raw lacquer, possesses renewable characteristics as well as excellent properties such as antibacterial activity, antioxidation and corrosion resistance, thus exhibiting broad application prospects in various fields such as functional materials and biomedicine. However, urushiol suffers from several drawbacks, such as its high tendency to induce allergic dermatitis and poor ultraviolet aging resistance, which have restricted its extensive development and application. This review summarized the research progress in the chemical structural modification of urushiol in recent years and emphatically elaborated on the modification methods based on the phenolic hydroxyl groups, benzene rings and alkenyl side chains of urushiol, including coordination reaction with metal ions, polymerization reaction with formaldehyde, Mannich reaction and click reaction. Meanwhile, the application research progress of urushiol-based functional materials in the fields of environmental functional materials (oil-water separation materials, photothermal conversion materials), functional coatings (anticorrosive, antifouling, antibacterial coatings), adhesive materials (underwater adhesives, self-healing adhesives) and biomedical materials (wound dressings) was summarized, and the optimization effects of different modification strategies on material properties were analyzed. Furthermore, the existing challenges confronted by urushiol research as well as its future development orientations were explored, to provide a theoretical reference for advancing the exploitation and practical application of this natural renewable resource.关键词：raw lacquer;urushiol;catechol;structural modification;functional materials17|0|0更新时间：2026-06-22
- 摘要：In fracturing stimulation measures, microfractures in reservoirs are not only the main channels for oil and gas production but also pose a high risk of connecting with aquifers, leading to a rapid increase in the water cut of oil wells. Therefore, fractures should not be completely plugged, instead, selective water shutoff should be achieved while retaining their fluid percolation capacity. In this study, ultrafine quartz sand was used as the carrier and three relative permeability modifiers (RPMs) with different structures were selected to carry ultrafine quartz sand for selective water shutoff modification of microfractures. Under controlled conditions, the following aspects were systematically investigated: the flow conductivity of ultrafine quartz sand, the sand-suspending and rheological properties of RPMs, the adsorption and anti-washing properties of phase permeability regulators on quartz sand, the selective water plugging performance of ultrafine quartz sand carried by phase permeability regulators on microcracks and the adaptability of sand carrying fluids to microcrack width. The results showed that ① Ultra-fine quartz sand exhibited favorable conductivity under closure pressure; ② The RPM-2 and RPM-3 with long-chain alky hydrophobic groups possessed better elasticity and sand-suspending performance; ③ After 48 hours of adsorption, the amount of RPMs adsorbed onto the quartz sand surface exceeded 625.35 μg/g. Furthermore, even after four washing cycles, the residual adsorption quantity remained above 251.43 μg/g; ④ Following the modification of 300 μm micro-fractures using RPM-3 carrying 200-350 mesh quartz sand, the oil-to-water phase permeability ratio (PR) reached 4.25, indicating effective selective water plugging; and ⑤ 200-350 mesh quartz sand was effectively applicable to micro-fractures with widths of 200 μm and above, whereas narrower micro-fractures in the range of 40-100 μm require the use of finer 350-800 mesh quartz sand. This indicated that the phase permeability regulator with both cationic adsorption groups and hydrophobic binding groups carried ultrafine quartz sand to fill and fracture open and newly created microcracks, and the microcracks had the ability to selectively block water.关键词：micro-fractures;relative permeability modifier;polymer;fracture filling;selective water shut-off5|0|0更新时间：2026-06-22
- 摘要：The standardization and high-quality development of the graphene industry relies on a complete and scientific fundamental standard system. This paper introduces the current development of graphene fundamental standards. It conducts a comprehensive investigation of existing standards through standard retrieval, industry trend analysis, and literature review, and systematically sorts out the progress of standard formulation at both international and domestic levels. Based on a systematic analysis and research on the domestic graphene fundamental standard system, combined with the development characteristics, market application status, specific downstream demands and enterprise pain points of China’s graphene industry, a clear and comprehensive framework for the graphene fundamental standard system has been established. This system takes standard functions as the main line, material forms as the dimension, and industrial chain links as the support. It is further divided into two major first-level subsystems, seven second-level subsystems and eleven third-level subsystems. It not only integrates existing standard resources but also clarifies the key standard areas to be developed in the future. Finally, from the perspective of implementing the basic standard system, a practical and feasible path for promoting standardization is proposed, and targeted development suggestions and strategic considerations are provided to foster the healthy, orderly and sustainable development of China’s graphene industry.关键词：graphene;fundamental standard;system construction;plan6|0|0更新时间：2026-06-22
- 摘要：With the deepening of the concept of sustainable development and the proposal of the "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" goals, the efficient recycling and resource utilization of waste PET have become critical focus for both academia and industry. The C−C bonds and ester bonds (-COO-) within the molecular structure of PET not only endow it with significant chemical inertness but also provide a structural basis for selective bond cleavage and value-added conversion. Chemical recycling technologies based on activating these bonds represent a primary technical pathway for the resource-conversion of PET. This approach holds great importance for solving plastic waste pollution and achieving the sustainable use of petroleum-based resources, combining the dual value of pollution control and resource regeneration. This article comprehensively reviews recent research advances in the chemical depolymerization and value-added conversion of PET waste. It first outlines the reaction mechanism, process conditions, and product distribution of main recycling methods, including hydrolysis, methanolysis, and glycolysis. Subsequently, focusing on the two core structural units—terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. This paper critically evaluated value-added conversion pathways including pyrolysis, hydroconversion, in-situ capture, and tandem catalysis. In-depth analysis of advantages and limitations of each technology are provided. Building on this, this article summarizes current industrial application status of PET waste recycling and dissects the pivotal role of techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) in the field of PET chemical recycling. Finally, future development opportunities in PET chemical recycling are outlooked, along with key scientific and technical issues for further research.关键词：PET;recycling of waste plastic resources;chemical recycling;value-added conversion1|0|0更新时间：2026-06-22
- 摘要：Perfluorohexanone microencapsulation is a key technology to reduce its volatilization and low-temperature combustion-supporting effect. In this work, sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan (CS) were used as wall materials. Thermo-responsive fire-extinguishing microcapsules (SCC) were prepared via complex coacervation, using perfluorohexanone/perfluorotriethylamine as the composite core. The morphology and thermal properties of SCC were analyzed by SEM-EDS, FTIR, and TG-DTG. Furthermore, the thermal decomposition kinetic characteristics were explored based on the Coats-Redfern integral method. A confined-space fire simulation platform was established to verify the fire-extinguishing performance of the as-prepared SCC. The results showed that SCC prepared at an SA/CS ratio of 4:3, a cross-linking time of 3h, and a core/wall ratio of 1:2 exhibited a regular spherical morphology. The particle size ranged from 1 to 3μm, and the encapsulation efficiency reached 67.40%. TG test results reveal that obvious mass loss of SCC initiates at 182.00°C, with the maximum mass loss rate temperature at 233.10°C. After 60 days of storage at room temperature, the effective payload of SCC remains 92.60%. It demonstrates that the SA-CS composite shell can effectively retard the low-temperature volatilization of core materials and enhance thermal stability. Fire tests demonstrated that SCC quickly stopped flame propagation. The maximum temperature in the cabinet decreased by 96.66°C with no re-ignition. A synergistic fire-extinguishing mechanism was achieved by combining suppressant release and carbon layer barrier. This work provides important technical support for preventing thermal runaway in confined spaces such as electrical cabinets.关键词：safety;perfluorohexanone;perfluorotriethylamine;microcapsules;pyrolysis;kinetic modeling3|0|0更新时间：2026-06-22
- 摘要：The efficient removal of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulant is a crucial prerequisite for recovering glass, silicon wafers, and valuable components such as silver and copper from decommissioned photovoltaic modules. Pyrolysis has been widely applied because of its high treatment efficiency and low wastewater generation; however, the pyrolysis of EVA and organic components in backsheets releases gases such as acetic acid, light hydrocarbons, CO, HF, fluorinated organic compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, leading to secondary pollution risks. This review focuses on the formation, evolution, and control of organic compounds in EVA pyrolysis gases; it summarizes the applications of thermogravimetry (TG), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and related analytical methods in pyrolysis-stage determination, functional-group identification, and molecular product analysis; it elucidates the three-stage pyrolysis mechanism of EVA, namely “deacetylation - main chain scission - radical crosslinking and aromatization”; and it discusses the chemical synergistic effects and physical environmental effects during the co-pyrolysis of EVA with TPT, PET, and PVF/PVDF backsheet materials. Previous studies indicate that fluorine-containing backsheets can promote the release of HF and fluorinated organic compounds, PET layers mainly affect the formation of CO₂, CO, and aromatic products, and multilayer laminated structures can alter heat transfer, volatile diffusion, and gas release processes. In response to these risks, pollution prevention and control strategies involving source control, process control, product purification, and value-added conversion are proposed. Future research should strengthen the study of pyrolysis kinetics, gas product profiles, fluorinated pollutant migration and transformation, and multi-component synergistic mechanisms under real module conditions, so as to develop a green pyrolysis system that integrates resource recovery, pollution control, and high-value utilization. This review provides a systematic perspective for promoting the transformation of photovoltaic module recycling from “end-of-pipe treatment” to “active design” and offers guidance for the green and low-carbon development of the photovoltaic industry throughout its life cycle.关键词：end-of-life photovoltaic modules;EVA film;pyrolysis gases;pyrolysis mechanism;pollution control4|0|0更新时间：2026-06-22
- 摘要：The coagulation process for petrochemical fresh water faces challenges in determining key kinetic parameters (e.g., collision efficiency coefficients) and a severe scarcity of high-dimensional water quality data. Consequently, traditional numerical simulation methods often fail to guide practical operations due to parameter inaccuracies. To address this, this study proposed a hybrid modeling method based on Physics-Informed Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (PIKAN) for parameter identification and process simulation. First, a mechanistic model describing the temporal evolution of Particle Size Distribution (PSD) was constructed based on the Smoluchowski equation. Subsequently, PIKAN was employed to integrate this mechanistic equation as a physical constraint into the neural network training, treating the difficult-to-measure collision efficiency coefficients as trainable variables within the network optimization process. This approach achieved model self-correction and parameter inversion supported by sparse monitoring data. Experimental results demonstrated that: (1) PIKAN achieved excellent forward prediction accuracy, with R² exceeding 0.99 for medium-sized particles (d=1.5–6.5), accurately capturing the 74.2% decrease in total molar concentration during flocculation; (2) Under 10%, 30%, and 50% sparse data conditions, the inversion errors of collision efficiency coefficients were all controlled within 2% (0.75%, 1.84%, and 1.74%, respectively); (3) Under noise conditions with SNR≥20 dB, parameter inversion errors remained below 2%, and PIKAN’s PSD prediction accuracy paradoxically improved with increasing noise (R² rising from 0.181 to 0.262), demonstrating the unique noise robustness conferred by physical constraints, whereas BP neural network’s R² dropped sharply from 0.999 to 0.791 at SNR=10 dB; (4) Ablation experiments confirmed that the mass conservation constraint served as the core regularization term, with volume drift reaching 17.6% upon its removal. Compared to traditional PINNs based on Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP), PIKAN exhibited a volume drift of only 0.51% (versus 2.35% for MLP), demonstrating superior performance in mass conservation, long-term prediction stability, and convergence efficiency. This approach provides a novel pathway combining physical interpretability with engineering practicality for the refined control and digital twin construction of coagulation processes.关键词：petrochemical fresh water;coagulation;particle size distribution (PSD);physics-informed Kolmogorov-Arnold network (PIKAN);parameter identification2|0|0更新时间：2026-06-22
- 摘要：Industrial time-series data are often sparse and incomplete due to the strong nonlinearity, dynamic characteristics, and slow time-varying nature of modern industrial processes. To address this problem, this paper proposed a short-chain LSTM-VAE model for prediction and interpolation of nonlinear dynamic process data. By combining the temporal modeling ability of LSTM with the generative capability of VAE, the proposed model reconstructed and interpolated missing data through short-chain LSTM structures in both the encoder and decoder. Regular and random interpolation tasks were designed and evaluated on simulated and industrial datasets, including an atmospheric-vacuum distillation furnace, an output nonlinear Wiener process, a CSTR process, and a catalytic cracking fractionation unit. Experimental results showed that the proposed model outperformed VAE, Transformer, and SAITS in RMSE, MAE, and R², producing interpolation results closer to the true data. These results demonstrated its stability, effectiveness, and application potential for industrial data restoration and data-driven modeling.关键词：time series data;nonlinear dynamic process;short-chain LSTM-VAE;interpolation reconstruction2|0|0更新时间：2026-06-22
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Low-temperature sealing characteristics of high-performance bidirectional spring-energized seal ring AI导读
摘要：Due to the deterioration of the sealing performance of the bidirectional spring-energized seal ring at ultra-low temperature and the increased risk of leakage, this paper constructed a thermal-structural coupling analysis model for the bidirectional spring-energized seal ring based on the two-dimensional equivalent model of the energy storage spring. Based on the percolation theory, the leakage characteristics were analyzed. The key evaluation indicators for contact characteristics, friction characteristics, and leakage characteristics in the helium gas environment were selected. The influence of pressure, temperature, the linear expansion coefficient of the isolation ring, and the thickness of the contact lip on the sealing performance of the bidirectional spring-energized seal ring was analyzed. A reasonable and clear range of medium pressure and design parameters under ultra-low temperature was provided. The results indicated that at -253 °C, as the medium pressure increased, the overall contact performance continuously improved, the total friction force approximately linearly increased, and the total leakage volume approximately linearly decreased. Under a medium pressure of 6 MPa, compared with normal temperature, at low temperatures, overall contact performance significantly deteriorated, the total friction force approximately linearly increased, and the leakage volume kept rising with an increasing rate. Under a medium pressure of 6 MPa and a temperature of -253°C, the sealing performance of inner and outer lip seals changed in opposite directions as the ratio of the isolation ring's linear expansion coefficient increased, and the overall sealing performance showed a non-monotonic change trend, and there existed an optimal ratio of the expansion coefficient. At a certain pressure under ultra-low temperatures, with the increase in the thickness of the contact lip, the contact performance first strengthened and then weakened, the total friction force slowly increased, and the leakage volume showed a feature of first decreasing and then increasing. Overall analysis showed that, unlike the relatively wide applicable range at normal temperature, the applicable range of working conditions parameters and design parameters significantly narrowed at ultra-low temperature. At ultra-low temperature, it was recommended that the medium pressure should not exceed 9MPa, the value of β should be between 0.1 and 0.18, and the thickness of the contact lip should be between 0.5 and 0.7mm.关键词：bidirectional spring-energized seal ring;ultra-low temperature;sealing performance;percolation theory1|0|0更新时间：2026-06-22 - 摘要：Frequent issues of crystallization deposition and filter clogging in liquid-cooled electrochemical energy storage systems severely compromise heat dissipation efficiency and operational reliability. To elucidate the causes of such failures, an in-depth investigation was conducted through experiments including observation of crystallization behavior from concentrated coolant, coolant performance testing, elemental content analysis, multi-scale characterization of crystalline precipitates, and a series of supplementary experiments. The results indicate that insufficient internal cleanliness of the liquid-cooled energy storage system leads to the presence of various impurities such as residual flux, solder slag, metal chips, system materials, and other contaminants. These substances not only undergo complex chemical reactions within the system but also readily cause flow channel blockage and accelerate deposition. The residual flux (potassium fluoroaluminate) from the brazed aluminum cold plate, after undergoing high-temperature dissolution, saturation, and low-temperature precipitation in the coolant, precipitates as crystalline deposits. Potassium fluoroaluminate dissolved in the coolant releases Al3+, which reacts with carboxylate ions in the coolant to form aluminum carboxylate precipitates and aluminum hydroxide colloids. Experimental results from adding Al3+ to a fresh organic carboxylate coolant, which leads to crystallization and precipitation, further confirm that Al3+ is the core trigger ion for deposition, while also proving that residual potassium fluoroaluminate flux in the brazed aluminum cold plate is a key factor causing crystallization-induced clogging. These findings provide a scientific basis for coolant selection, system cleanliness management, and fault prevention in liquid-cooled electrochemical energy storage systems.关键词：liquid cooling;brazed aluminum cold plate;potassium fluoroaluminate flux;organic acid technology (OAT) coolant;crystallization5|0|0更新时间：2026-06-21
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