The accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) has been widely used in reactivity hazard evaluation and risk assessment. Based on the summary of the application of ARC in reaction safety risk assessment, this paper points out that there are many pitfalls users may run into when doing ARC tests. Some of them can be avoided by careful experiment design, such as insufficient sample loading, sample cell incompatibility, and the tested sample reaction at ambient temperature. The other pitfalls are caused by the instrument limitations, such as the limit of maximum temperature rate due to furnace heating limit, heat loss to pressure through fittings, condensation issues in pressure tubing, and the accuracy of sample temperature measurement when the self-heat rate is large. This article emphasizes these pitfalls to provide other researchers with a reference for better designing experiments and interpreting data. The analysis concludes that the following are recommended for ARC test: about 4g sample load, selection of a sample cell compatible with the test sample, use of the fresh sample, and awareness of the non-adiabatic data when the maximum temperature rise rate of the sample is greater than the maximum temperature rise rate of the ARC furnace. This paper summarizes the above methods to provide a reference for more accurate use of ARC data in reactivity hazard evaluation.

Catalysts with zeolite as active component have the advantages of easy recovery, non-corrosion, and environmental friendliness, and thus have been widely used in petrochemical industry. Designing and developing high-performance zeolite catalyst to achieve efficient chemical reaction can provide technical support for energy conservation and consumption reduction in chemical enterprises. The recent technological progress in the development of efficient zeolite was reviewed from four aspects, including active center construction and modification scheme of aluminosilicate and titanosilicalite zeolite, the construction scheme of mesopore structure inside and outside microporous zeolite, the preparation scheme of nanoscale zeolite particles and oriented growth control of zeolite nanocrystal, and topological structure innovation scheme of new structure zeolite. The future development direction of zeolite catalyst was also discussed. And it was pointed out that China still needs to strengthen technological innovation in this field, especially the original innovation, to achieve the deep integration of industry, academia, and research, to transform the advanced technology into practical solutions and the ultimate industrial applications.

The low-cost production, safe storage and transportation, and efficient application of hydrogen are the focus of the current hydrogen energy researches. Among them, safe and efficient storage and transportation is the technical key to the large-scale application of hydrogen energy, so the research and development of high-capacity solid hydrogen storage materials have both academic significance and application value. Hydrogen storage by solid material has become the most promising hydrogen storage technology due to its large storage density and high safety factor, which has received widespread attention from researchers. In this paper, according to the current research status of solid hydrogen storage materials, the research progress of several solid hydrogen storage materials is discussed, including those based on physical adsorption, metal, coordinated hydride and hydrate. The most promising magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials are re-evaluated, and the effects of several modification methods such as alloying, nano-anodization, adding catalysts, and composite light metal coordination hydrides on the hydrogen storage mechanism, microstructure, thermodynamic properties and kinetic properties of magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials are elaborated. The integrated design considering production, storage and use of hydrogen should be the development trend for the industrialization of solid hydrogen storage.

Biomass is abundant, widely distributed and renewable, and can be used in high value resources. The biochar obtained after carbonization of biomass has good physical and chemical properties, and is often used to adsorb pollutants and make electrode materials. Compared with activated carbon, there are many problems such as underdeveloped pore structure and scarcity of surface functional groups, limits the application of biochar. Nitrogen doping can enrich biochar pore structure and surface activity sites, and endow the N-doped biochar (NBC) with improved adsorption, conductivity and catalytic performance. In this paper, preparation/modification methods of NBC, such as pyrolysis, activation, hydrothermal, template and post-treatment method, along with their benefits and drawbacks were reviewed. The morphological structure and surface chemical characteristics of NBC obtained by each method were summarized. And the applications of NBCs in catalysis, adsorption and electrochemical energy storage fields were generalized. With the "preparation-structure-characteristics and application" combined conception, started from the perspective of NBC application, this paper discussed how to maximize the application value of NBC by investigating the N-doping mechanism and improving the preparation method, and then presented references and recommendations for further research and development in this field.

Fluidization technology has passed nearly 80 years since it was successfully applied commercially to the petroleum catalytic cracking process in the 1940s. In China, fluidization technology has experienced periods of fast and steady development track along with the reform and opening of the country after a difficult initial R&D stage. This paper highlights the development of fluidization technology in China over the past several decades. After reviewing the origination and progress of fluidization research in the world, we devote the limited pages to significant contributions that Chinese scholars have made to the development of fluidization theory and technology in the world and China over the years, especially the achievements in industrializing fluidization technology, based on the author's best understanding and knowledge. Finally, we provide a brief perspective on the future research and development direction of fluidization technology in China.

Magnesium based hydrogen storage materials have the advantages of high hydrogen storage capacity, low price, and abundant magnesium resources in nature, and thus are considered as the most promising solid hydrogen storage materials. Due to the good stability of MgH₂, the high enthalpy of hydrogen desorption (75kJ/mol H₂), the high dissociation energy of hydrogen molecules on the surface of Mg and the slow diffusion rate of hydrogen atoms in the magnesium lattice, the absorption and desorption of hydrogen are stable in thermodynamics but the kinetics is slow, which limits its application in hydrogen storage. Many research achievements have been made to improve the properties of magnesium based hydrogen storage materials and this paper reviews these research reports, and summarizes the modification methods with the focuses on the effects of alloying, nanocrystallization and catalyst addition on the optimization and improvement of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties, and the mechanism of hydrogen absorption and desorption. Finally, the development prospects in this field are prospected. Based on the existing analysis, it is concluded that catalyst addition and nano modification should be comprehensively used to regulate the thermodynamic properties of MgH₂ system in the future research obtain the Mg/MgH₂ hydrogen storage system with high capacity and high performance, which could meet the requirements of commercial applications.

The application of digital twin technology has played an increasingly important role in various fields, and its importance is also emphasized in the “14th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Intelligent Manufacturing” issued by the ministry of industry and information technology. This article describes the current application status of digital twin technology in the petroleum and petrochemical industry and designs a framework for the full lifecycle digital twin platform of petrochemical intelligent factories. Supported by industrial Internet platforms and focusing on the complex processes and devices of petrochemical enterprises, this framework can provide services such as digital delivery, intelligent construction, simulation of intelligent operations, and intelligent maintenance for petrochemical intelligent factories. In addition, three application scenarios are planned in this article, namely visual simulation for production scheduling in intelligent factories based on digital twins, intelligent inspection of factory equipment using augmented reality, and immersive training and safety drills for intelligent factories based on virtual reality. Finally, this article analyzes the challenges and prospects of applying digital twin technology in the petroleum and petrochemical industry, providing guidance and suggestions for its application in intelligent factories. The research findings of this article are of great significance in promoting the application of digital twin technology in the petroleum and petrochemical industry, and they also provide new ideas and methods for the application of digital twin technology in intelligent factories.

At present, the methanol production capacity is close to 98 million tons and the output is 80million tons. The apparent consumption of methanol accounts for about 60% of the world total, and the self-sufficiency rate is more than 90%. However, the raw material pattern of methanol production, supplemented by natural gas and coke oven gas, leads to the annual CO₂ emission of 200 million tons. Under the background of carbon neutrality, with the in-depth development of flue gas CO₂ capture represented by the power field and the continuous increase of the installed scale of green electricity, more and more CO₂ and green electricity will exist in the form of products. The comprehensive cost of capturing a ton of CO₂ reaches about 300 yuan. Under this cost boundary, if the CO₂ captured cannot be recycled to bring benefits. Therefore, how to convert and utilize CO₂ has become a research hotspot, and hydrogenation of CO₂ to green methanol is a good solution. Moreover, relevant research and industrial development have also gradually set off a boom. In this paper, six aspects of policy driving, technological advantages, carbon reduction effect, green electricity and CO₂ conversion consumption, market demand, methanol industry upgrading were analyzed, and the development of green methanol was considered to be one of the important and necessary measures to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality.

To meet the requirements of sustainable development, photoelectric catalytic decomposition of hydrogen in the water, CO₂ reduction and degradation of pollutants, has become the research hot spot due to its predictability of advantage in energy storage and transport. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) material with high specific surface area, metal/organic ligand rich, large pore volume, structure and composition of the advantages of adjustable, has great potential in photoelectric catalysis applications. Therefore, this article mainly reviewed the research progress on the application of MOFs materials in the photoelectric catalysis from the three aspects of hydrogen production from water decomposition, CO₂ reduction and organic pollutants degradation. Firstly, the MOFs materials were introduced in the field of catalysis in recent years. Several widely used MOFs catalyst synthesis methods were summarized, and their advantages and disadvantages were compared. Secondly, a few basic mechanisms and the latest research progress in the application of MOF based photoelectric catalyst was introduced in detail respectively. Finally, the role of MOFs materials in optical electrode and the opportunities and challenges in the field of photoelectric catalysis was carried on the brief summary and outlook.

In recent years, adsorption and separation materials with a flexible three-dimensional framework have attracted significant interest from researchers. Their unique dynamic adsorption behavior and chemically rich structural framework give them properties utterly different from those of traditional rigid adsorption materials. These unique flexible adsorption materials have shown great potential in adsorption and separation, and environmental purification and sensing. However, the development of this field has needed to be faster due to the lack of in-depth understanding of flexible adsorption phenomena and corresponding theoretical research methods by researchers. In this paper, based on the latest research progress in the definition, theoretical development, and classification of flexible adsorption, we provided an in-depth analysis of its application examples in the removal of pollutants and separation of azeotropes and aim to provide the corresponding theoretical help for the development of this field. The article also pointed out the direction and prospect of industrialization of flexible adsorption materials, and efforts should be made to explore the application prospect of flexible adsorption materials for large-scale and high-efficiency treatment of liquid-phase (gas-phase) environmental pollutants with high (low) concentrations so as to promote the industrialization of flexible adsorption materials.

Phase change cold storage technology uses the heat absorption or release of phase change materials to store and apply energy, which plays a role in the precise control of temperature, the reduction of energy consumption and the energy load transfer. In this paper, the phase change materials with a phase change temperature below 25℃ for different application scenarios were summarized. The applications of phase-change cold storage materials, such as the food and medical cold chain logistics, the building air-conditioning, the data center emergency cooling, and the phase-change textiles for human thermal management and medical care were introduced. The thermal properties of phase change materials and the advantages and disadvantages for various applications were discussed. It was pointed out that the poor heat transfer performance of ordinary materials can be improved by enhancing the thermal conductivity and heat transfer structure of the phase change cold storage system. Moreover, the research prospects of phase change thermal storage technology, from the preparation of composite phase change materials to the system design optimization and application expansion, were proposed.

As an important vapor-liquid mass transfer equipment in chemical unit operation process, packed tower is a key equipment in distillation operation process because of its advantages of high mass transfer efficiency, lower pressure and low energy consumption. Liquid distributor is an important column internal in packed tower, and its structure form is directly related to the distribution of liquid phase in the tower, thus affecting the separation effect of packed tower. This paper systematically introduced the development status of liquid distributors. The influence of the distribution effect of liquid distributor on a packed column's separation efficiency was introduced, including natural flow distribution and radial distribution coefficient. And the theoretical research and design optimization process of various structural types of liquid distributors in the domestic and overseas were analyzed in depth. Then the applicable scenarios of different evaluation methods for various liquid distributors were summarized. Finally, an outlook on the development of liquid distributors was given to provide ideas for the development and design of liquid distributors.

Energetic materials are a class of compounds or mixtures containing explosive groups or oxidants and combustibles that can perform chemical reactions independently and output energy. Due to the particularity of energetic materials, the synthesis process has the characteristics of strong heat release and temperature sensitivity. At the same time, in practical applications, weapon charges also have high requirements for the particle size control of energetic materials. The microreactor has the advantages of high heat and mass transfer efficiency, high safety, miniaturization and integration of equipment, and low environmental pollution. It is suitable for the synthesis process and particle size control of energetic materials. In recent years, it has become one of the hotspots and focuses in the field of energetic materials. The first part of this paper introduces the micro-reaction synthesis of four kinds of energetic compounds, such as nitrate, nitro, azide and nitrogen heterocyclic. It is pointed out that the micro-reactor can significantly improve the synthesis safety, accelerate the synthesis efficiency and safety. The second part summarizes the application of micro-chemical technology in the preparation of micro-nanometer, spherical and composite energetic materials. It is found that the micro-reactor has the characteristics of more accurate particle size control and high sphericity. Finally, it is pointed out that the microreactor has broad application potential in the field of energetic materials, and the focus and improvement direction of future research are prospected.

Graphene, a two-dimensional nanomaterial with excellent physical and chemical properties, is widely used in batteries, catalysis, sensors, printing, biomedicine and other fields. However, the application and development of graphene and its derivatives face great challenges in achieving low-cost, high-quality and large-scale production. Herein, the progress of large-scale preparation of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation was reviewed. The focus was on exploring the principles of pretreatment methods for liquid-phase exfoliation, including electrochemical intercalation, solvent intercalation, high-temperature expansion and microwave expansion, and their effects on the exfoliation effect of graphene. Subsequently, the advantages/disadvantages and selection principles of exfoliation solvents, such as water-based solvents, organic solvents and mixed solvents, were analyzed. The exfoliation principles and advantages/disadvantages of process intensification equipment, such as ultrasonic, high-shear and microchannel, were compared. Then, the post-processing method and separation effect of centrifugal separation on graphene were briefly described. Finally, the efficient production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation was being improved through multi-objective optimization techniques by integrating artificial intelligence. This included experimenting with residual-free functional intercalation agents and combining them with gentle and rapid expansion methods; exploring solvent systems with properties such as low toxicity, low boiling points and high dispersion characteristics; accurately regulating the liquid-phase exfoliation mechanism and engineering cascaded centrifugation equipment to achieve continuous, large-scale and cost-effective rapid production of graphene.

With the rapid development of renewable energy and hydrogen energy industry, as a hydrogen storage medium, ammonia has received widespread attention due to its ability to perform long-term hydrogen storage and long-distance hydrogen transportation. Hydrogen production and ammonia synthesis process based on fossil fuels is mature, but the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions is high. Green ammonia utilizes renewable energy with electrolytic hydrogen production as hydrogen sources, which has the advantages of reducing carbon emissions in the synthetic ammonia industry, consuming renewable energy such as wind and solar energy, and serving as a hydrogen storage carrier for storage and transportation. Under the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, the development of green ammonia synthesis process is of great significance. This paper reviews the research progress and challenges of industrial Haber-Bosch, electrochemical, photocatalysis, plasma and chemical chain synthesis of ammonia. The technical route and existing situation of water electrolysis powered by renewable energy for hydrogen production and ammonia synthesis process are elaborated. The technical and economic feasibility of grey ammonia synthesis from coal and green ammonia synthesis from renewable energy are compared. The impacts of electricity price and energy consumption of electrolytic hydrogen production on the cost of electrolytic hydrogen production for ammonia synthesis are analyzed. The cost structure of hydrogen storage with ammonia as a carrier and liquid hydrogen storage are discussed. The costs of hydrogen transportation with ammonia as a carrier and gas-hydrogen transportation are studied. The considerations for industrial development of green hydrogen for green ammonia synthesis and hydrogen storage and transportation with green ammonia as a carrier are proposed.

Anion exchange membrane water electrolysis cells (AEMWE) can take dilute alkaline solution or pure water as electrolyte, use relatively cheap anion exchange membrane and high activity of non-precious metal catalyst, effectively reduce the water electrolytic energy consumption and greatly reduce the input cost. In this paper, the performance characteristics and development advantages of AEMWE are summarized, and the research progress of key components such as the catalyst, anion-exchange membranes and ionomers in AEMWE are analyzed in detail. It is concluded that the Ni-Fe-based catalyst is the most promising anode material. By designing new catalyst layer and making porous structure, the problem of catalyst dissolution can be solved, while the ionic conductivity, water diffusion coefficient and durability of the ionomer and anion exchange membrane can be effectively increased by raising the ion exchange capacity. Finally, the future development directions of AEMWE are proposed, which are material innovation and preparation optimization of membrane electrode components, using pure water as the electrolyte, improving the flexibility of the test system, and developing efficient, low-cost and stable AEMWE hydrogen production device.

Solvent deasphalting can broaden the limited range of raw material composition and properties to avoid the restriction of high carbon residue and high metal content. The flexible combination of solvent deasphalting and conversion process can deal with residual oil, oil slurry and oil sand asphalt with large molecular weight, low hydrogen content and high impurity content, significantly improve the conversion rate, reduce the severity of unit operation, and improve economic benefits. The characteristics of solvent deasphalting technology are analyzed, and the application and implementation effects of solvent deasphalting technology successfully industrialized at home and abroad are summarized. The latest progress of hydrogen conversion, cracking, gasification and other combined processes with solvent deasphalting technology as upstream or downstream process are reviewed. The solvent action and R&D progress are described based on the classification of low carbon hydrocarbons, CO₂ and its modifiers, and coprecipitators. The new technologies for tower and internal structure optimization and equipment transformation are analyzed. It is pointed out that more basic and optimization research on solvent deasphalting technology are needed in the future. It is proposed that the future development direction of solvent deasphalting technology may be to further improve extraction efficiency, reduce energy consumption, expand the application in unconventional crude oil upgrading, and directly or indirectly convert poor oil/oil sand/unconverted oil into high value-added chemicals.

A summary of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)'s fund applications, grants and funding in 2023 was provided about the discipline of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Chemistry (B08), where the fund applications and grants for the 16 secondary application codes of B08 were provided, and the statistics for a series of funded programs were detailed, giving suggestions for proposal applications in the next year.

Ferroptosis, a programmed cell death modality, has been recognized as one of the exceptional cancer therapeutic strategies. However, the complexity of anatomical and physiological features of tumor microenvironment may weaken the ferroptosis effects for cancer treatment. Fortunately, the combination of ferroptosis with traditional therapeutics provides an easy way of improving the therapeutic efficiency and reducing toxic side effects due to lesser dosages of multiple drugs. Nanomaterials-based drug delivery systems have served as potential anticancer drug agents in clinical translation, which can achieve the tumor-targeted delivery of various practical molecules and improve therapeutic efficiency based on synergistic strategies. In this review, we systematically summarized various novel nanoplatforms (iron-based nanomaterials and nor-iron nanomaterials) for ferroptosis-based combination therapeutics towards highly effective cancer therapy. Then, we provided a brief emphasis on the combination of ferroptosis with multiple strategies, including chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photo/sonodynamic therapy, and other therapeutics. Finally, we presented various challenges towards developing ferroptosis-based therapeutic strategies, and we believed that the deeper understanding of ferroptosis, the development of multifunctional nanomaterials and the exploration of ferroptosis-based combination therapies would be focus in future.

Emissions from various industries have led to increasingly serious environmental problems. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the primary components of industrial waste gas, and photocatalytic advanced oxidation technology for non-selective oxidation of VOCs has attracted extensive researches. In order to solve the problem of low efficiency in the photocatalytic reaction, this review described the influencing factors of photocatalytic degradation of VOCs (temperature, relative humidity, initial gas concentration, oxygen concentration and gas flow rate), and summarized the influencing mechanism and influencing trend of various process parameters. With the continuous development of photochemical and electrochemical technologies, their combination has become a new research direction, and bias voltage can effectively reduce the recombination rate of electron hole pair. So, this review also summarized the influence of bias voltage in different photoelectric catalytic reactors on the photoelectric catalysis mechanism. Experimental research progress of photocatalysis/photoelectrocatalysis in recent five years were introduced, which has guiding significance for the design and optimization of the photocatalysis/photoelectrocatalysis degradation of industrial waste gas VOCs. In the future, it will be the development trends to carry out experimental research with the parameters matching the industrial waste gas VOCs and to develop simple and efficient photocatalysis/photoelectrocatalysis reactor.

Platinum based catalysts play an important role in many important liquid phase hydrogenation reactions. It is of great significance to develop catalysts with controllable size, crystal shape and morphology so as to provide high platinum utilization rate and good activity. The latest research progress of platinum based catalysts is systematically reviewed in this paper, including the synthesis methods of different platinum nanocatalysts, the types of reducing agents, and the influence of important factors (including particle size, morphology, composition and carrier) on the catalytic activity and selectivity of platinum-based catalysts. Despite of their high catalytic efficiency, Platinum-based catalytic materials are still very expensive, so further exploring the hydrogenation mechanism of platinum-based catalysts, increasing the catalyst life while reducing the cost and realizing their controllable preparation are still the key research directions in the future.

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE), which relies on photothermal materials and evaporators for desalination, has attracted widespread attention from scholars because of its high photothermal conversion efficiency, environmental friendliness, simple manufacturing process and abundant materials. Addressing the salt crystal buildup on the surface of photothermal materials and evaporators is a crucial stage in SDIE because it will directly affect the evaporation efficiency throughout the desalination process. This paper briefly described the design concepts and research status of salt-tolerant photothermal materials and evaporators in recent years, illustrated the advantages and limitations of different salt-tolerant designs, and sorted out their salt-tolerance mechanisms and performance. The analysis demonstrated that the salt resistance of photothermal materials can be enhanced by regulating the pore structure, hydrophilic-hydrophobic and ionic groups of photothermal materials. A variety of salt-resistant evaporators can be designed by regulating the concentration of salt solution and the crystallization position of salt. In addition, common problems in solving salt crystallization problems in SDIE were discussed and future research challenges were proposed to advance the future research and development of SDIE.

As a pillar industry, the chemical industry is actively responding to the national call to promote the digital and intelligent development. As an essential part of the intelligent transformation of the chemical industry, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research and propose an implementable overall technical solution to lay a solid foundation for the subsequent intelligent transformation. This paper summarizes the latest progress of the intelligent transformation of chemical laboratories in China and abroad, outlines the blueprint of the intelligent transformation of chemical laboratories around scientific research and innovation, and proposes an outline of building intelligent research institutes covering different levels of development from informationization, digitalization and transition to intelligence, so as to provide a guidance for the specific plan of intelligent research institutes. An outlook of research paradigm change empowered by artificial intelligence (AI) is also provided.

Gas-solid fluidized bed has been widely used in energy, mining, chemical, pharmaceutical, and other industrial fields because of its excellent gas-solid contact and heat and mass transfer efficiency. In this paper, the research on the numerical simulation of particle fluidization reaction system is reviewed, and three scales of numerical simulation: chemical reaction engineering model, two-fluid model, and CFD-DEM model in particle scale are compared. This review focuses on the fluidization chemical reaction process with variable particle sizes based on the CFD-DEM method. Six particle reaction models were analyzed: uniform reaction model, shrinking particle model, shrinking core model, hybrid shrinking core & particle model, grain reaction model, and random pore model. The advantages and limitations of different particle reaction models were discussed. The recent development of simulation methods for cross-scale particle systems was analyzed. Finally, the CFD-DEM method's future development in chemical reaction processes simulation was discussed, including large-scale and efficient simulation algorithms, the precision of the particle reaction model, and the accurate description of gas-particle information transfer. This review can provide some guidance for researchers in the field of gas-solid fluidization reaction progress simulation, especially at the particle scale.

Microchemical processes have inherent advantages in efficiency, safety, energy conservation, small size, and high heat and mass transfer rates, and exhibit enormous development potential in the field of gas-liquid heterogeneous mass transfer and reaction enhancement. This article systematically discussed the current research status of gas-liquid two-phase flow and mass transfer characteristics in microchannels, summarized the gas-liquid two-phase flow shape and distribution in microchannels, analyzed the key factors affecting the two-phase flow shape from the aspects of operating conditions and microchannel design, discussed how multiple factors affect mass transfer and process enhancement, and summarized and classified the currently studied gas-liquid two-phase mass transfer models in microchannels. Based on the flow patterns of gas-liquid two-phase flow in the main flow channels, the latest research progress of various gas-liquid two-phase microreactors was classified and introduced. The article points out that further exploration of strengthening methods for microchemical processes and the development of new gas-liquid microchannel reactors are still the key development directions for future microchemical research.

Ammonia has a better future market as a carrier of hydrogen energy and renewable energy for its high energy density and carbon-free characteristic. Ammonia is easier to store and transport than hydrogen and is intrinsically safe. It is expected to become one of the carbon-free energy development routes to promote industrial reform, social progress and national development. From the perspective of the whole industrial chain of ammonia energy, the development trend of synthetic ammonia industry, and the latest progress and cost economy of various synthetic ammonia technologies are introduced; the main storage and transportation methods, efficiency, cost and safety characteristics of ammonia are listed; the new energy fuel applications of ammonia, including ammonia fuel cell, ammonia internal combustion engine and ammonia gas turbine, the development status of the technologies and the fuel cost economy, as well as the hydrogen production efficiency and production cost advantages of ammonia decomposition are reviewed. Through the above technical and economic analysis, the importance of ammonia energy in the energy system is discussed, the development direction of ammonia energy technology is further sorted out.

Researches of the mechanism, process and catalysts for various olefin hydration reactions were reviewed. The latest progress in the processes and catalysts of cyclohexene hydration to produce cyclohexanol, propylene hydration to produce isopropanol, and high-carbon olefin hydration to produce high-carbon alcohol were summarized in detail, together with the development trend of olefin hydration reaction in the future. The reaction pathways of olefin hydration could be mainly divided into direct and indirect ones, and the reaction mechanisms were mainly the electrophilic addition mechanism of martensitic rule, the electrophilic addition mechanism of anti-martensitic rule and the radical mechanism. The olefin hydration catalysts are changing from liquid acid, alkali, transition metal salt or oxygen salt, to molecular sieve, solid acid, synthetic resin, photocatalyst and enzyme catalyst. In the future, photocatalysis and enzyme catalysis will be the key research directions of olefin hydration technology, and the optimization of reaction equipment parameters, the enhancement of catalyst performance, and the improvement of material mixing and mass transfer are the development trends of olefin hydration process optimization.

Transition metal phosphides are efficient catalytic materials for electrochemical hydrogen production because of their high catalytic activity and good stability. However, realizing their large-scale application in electrolytic water hydrogen evolution needs further improvement on the catalytic performance. Based on the composition of transition metal phosphides, their properties were summarized in terms of the metal/phosphorus (M/P) stoichiometric ratio. In addition, the common preparation methods of transition metal phosphides were introduced, and the influence of the modification methods such as element doping, structural defects, interface engineering and coupling of carbon materials, microstructure regulation, and wettability improvement on the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution were reviewed in detail as well. The development trend of transition metal phosphides is also prospected from the aspects of exploiting new phosphorus source, standardizing electrochemical tests and regulating the crystal planes.

Under the goal of "peak carbon dioxide emissions, carbon neutral", green hydrogen has become a promising clean energy source. The technology of producing green hydrogen by alkaline electrolysis of water has the highest degree of commercialization, but because of the slow kinetic process of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the high overpotential, it has become the main bottleneck restricting the efficiency of electrolytic water electrode. There is still much room to improve the OER performance of nickel mesh or nickel foam electrode widely used in commercial electrolytic cells. It is beneficial to improve the electrode efficiency and reduce the cost of hydrogen production by compounding nickel-based catalytic functional layer on it and developing new high-activity oxygen evolution electrode. Electrodeposition technology has the advantages of simple process and mild conditions, which is beneficial to scale up the production of self-supporting electrodes, and has become one of the ideal processes for industrial production of OER electrodes. In this paper, the research progress of nickel-based oxygen evolution electrode prepared by electrodeposition technology and used in alkaline electrolysis of water in recent years is reviewed. Nickel-based (hydrogen) oxides, bimetals, multi-metals and nonmetal-doped nickel-based catalysts are prepared on nickel mesh or nickel foam substrate by electrodeposition technology as catalytic functional layers. The OER performance of nickel-based self-supporting electrodes is improved by enhancing the conductivity of catalytic functional layers and the synergistic effect between metals, increasing the number of active sites, reducing the diffusion path and changing the surface atomic configuration. In addition, the application of nickel-based self-supporting electrode in water electrolysis field is clarified, and the challenges of electrodeposition method are pointed out.

Photovoltaic power generation is an important way for China to optimize its energy consumption structure, build a new and renewable energy system, and achieve the "dual carbon" goal, demonstrating broad prospects. The structure and film classification of photovoltaic cells are introduced, and the production technology status and production and consumption structure of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyolefin elastomer (POE) at home and abroad are analyzed in detail. Meanwhile, the development prospects of the photovoltaic film industry are predicted and analyzed. The conclusion is that EVA film is the mainstream material for photovoltaic cell film, and with the continuous progress of battery technology, the iteration of battery packaging film technology is accelerating. The consumption demand for POE film and multi-layer co-extruded film (EPE) film is constantly expanding. At present, EVA adhesive film in China is completely domestically produced. Driven by market demand, the research and development of POE adhesive film had become a major hot topic of concern in the new material industry. Project research and development and investment construction activities are very intensive, and POE technology progress is rapid. Copolymers (α-olefin), metallocene catalyst and high-temperature solution polymerization technology are gradually breaking through. 2025 will usher in a period of concentrated release of domestic POE production capacity, supporting the accelerated localization of POE film production and supply, and effectively promoting the high-quality development of China's photovoltaic and new energy industries.

Energy storage technology and its industrial application are of great significance to the construction of new power systems. In the process of upgrading and transforming the traditional power system to the new power system, the proportion of wind energy, solar energy and other new energy power generation continues to increase, but its volatility and intermittence restrict the high-level consumption of new energy, resulting in a sharp increase in the demand for flexible regulation resources in the power system. Ammonia has the advantages of large-scale, cross-seasonal and cross-regional storage. Accelerating the development of ammonia energy industry and the application of ammonia energy storage in new power systems is a strategic choice to achieve the "double carbon" goal and ensure national energy security. This paper compares the characteristics of ammonia energy storage and other energy storage systems, including the similarities, advantages and disadvantages of ammonia energy storage, hydrogen energy storage, methanol energy storage and other chemical energy storage, focuses on the existing ammonia energy storage technology, ammonia storage and transportation methods and low concentration ammonia separation technology at home and abroad, and expounds the application value of ammonia energy storage in the power supply side, power grid side and user side. Finally, the challenges faced by the application of ammonia energy storage in the new power system are pointed out and its future development is prospected.

Coal gasification technology has developed rapidly as a clean utilization technology, but a large amount of coal gasification slag has been produced at the same time. With the sources and hazards, the basic properties, the prepared materials (mesoporous materials, activated carbon, composite materials) and the application of coal gasification slag (in the field of waste gas and wastewater treatment, construction and building materials, agriculture) involved, this article reviews the research status, analyzes the existing problems and forecasts application prospects. Coal gasification slag is rich in carbon, aluminum and silicon, with large specific surface area and relatively developed pore structure. Then it can be used to prepare high-value products. However, the waste liquid generated during the preparation process needs to be urgently treated and disposed of. The remaining aluminum, silicon and carbon-containing residues also need to be recycled. Although the research on coal gasification slag has achieved good results, most are still in the stage of laboratory research or experimental promotion, and cannot achieve large-scale utilization. In this paper, it is suggested that developing resource utilization technology of coal gasification slag with simple process, strong feasibility and economic benefits, the synergistic utilization of aluminum, silicon and carbon resources should be realized on the basis of hierarchical utilization, and large-scale utilization should be achieved on the ground of full utilization.

Microbubbles have advantages including small size, high stability, long residence time in the fluid, large specific surface area, and high self-pressurization effect, etc. Microbubbles can greatly improve the contact area and contact time for gas-liquid system, which can intensify the interphase mass transfer between gas and liquid. Many different types of generators can produce microbubbles. The specific type of the generator is largely dependent on its application fields. This work reviewed the application of microbubble generator in water treatment, biological and medical field, mineral flotation, and chemical process. This review mainly focused on the type of generator and its working mechanisms in generating microbubbles. The bubble-generating characteristic of each type of microbubble generator was described. The influence of the structure and operating condition on the generator performance was reviewed. The suitable application condition of each type of microbubble generator was summarized. It was concluded that the microbubble generation technologies based on single mechanism would often have limitations. In contrast, the coupled microbubble generator, combining the advantages of multiple generation mechanisms, can generate smaller and more uniform microbubbles. Therefore, the development of coupled microbubble generator is of great significance for the future application. Finally, the possible application prospect and research direction of microbubble generator were summarized and previewed.

The quality upgrade of automotive gasoline is a major national demand at the turn of the century. Facing this challenge, China’s oil refining industry has independently designed a proper technology development strategy, proposed the maximizing iso-paraffins (MIP) technology, and developed a series of technologies and corresponding technical routes adapted to the gasoline production at different emission regulation stages. This paper reviewed the international environment at the beginning of the birth of MIP technology, the problems faced by domestic catalytic cracking technology at that time and the role of MIP technology in the process of gasoline quality upgrading and technology development strategies. On this basis, the relevant researchers closely followed the market demand, continuously absorbed emerging technologies to achieve continuous updates of MIP technology, and thus kept it strong competitive in the market. Based on market demand, the continuous upgrades of MIP technology kept it strongly competitive. The experience and enlightenment of the successful development and large-scale application of MIP technology were expected to become a paradigm of China’s route of scientific and technological self-reliance.

At present, China’s chemical industry is facing serious challenges in terms of accidents and safety production. This paper firstly explained the specific meaning of the “four principles” of chemical industry inherent safety and their role in reducing or even eliminating risks at the source of production and in the manufacturing process. Then, from the perspective of technology maturity, the implementation of the “four principles” of intrinsic safety and the existing problems was analyzed, and upgrade of the existing chemical process equipment and technology was proposed by focusing on the minimization and substitution principle of the “four principles” of inherent safety. The corresponding inherently safe process equipment and technologies were developed. On this basis, potential technical paths for the implementation of the minimization/substitution principle were explored. The development of intelligent unit integration technology and equipment to reduce the amount of hazardous chemicals and energy density in the plant would be achieved through the design and development of minimized unit equipment at the extensive centimeter scale integrated with artificial intelligence. The production safety risks can be thereby controlled. In addition, it was necessary to extend the principle of minimization/substitution to green chemical production, reduce the safety risks caused by improper disposal of “three wastes”, and achieve the unity between production, safety and environmental protection. Finally, two examples of the application of centimeter-scale intelligence integration technology in chemical production and chemical waste gas treatment were presented, reflecting the broad utility of the technology. It can be foreseen that the whole process intrinsic safety technology can fundamentally change the stereotype of “tall towers and huge tank”, effectively improve the level of chemical safety risk prevention and control, and improve the chemical industry to be safe, high-end and intelligent development.

In order to achieve emissions peak and carbon neutrality, the development of new biomass carbon materials and their application in the field of electrochemical energy storage has been attracted extensive attention. Among various methods, element doping can solve the problems of low specific capacity and poor stability, and provide a simple and effective method and strategy to optimized and improve the electrochemical properties of biomass carbon materials. In this review, the precursors of doped biomass carbon materials were introduced from three aspects: plant-based, animal-based and microbial-based. The elemental doped biomass carbon materials were classified as single-element doped and multi-elements co-doped according to the number of doped elements. The applications of elemental doped biomass carbon materials in electrochemical energy storage devices (supercapacitors,lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries and lithium-sulfur batteries) were reviewed, and the effects of their chemical composition and microstructure on electrochemical performance were analyzed. Finally, the future development and commercialization prospects of element doped biomass carbon materials were prospected. The regulation of types and contents of doped elements, the optimization of preparation methods and processes and the activation of biomass self-doped properties were future development directions and urgent problems to be solved.

Under the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goals, process intensification is one of the key technologies for achieving green production. Cyclic distillation, a new distillation technology based on the process intensification theory, utilizes specific tower internals and control schemes to change the flow mode of gas and liquid phase in the traditional distillation column and achieves periodic separate phase movement (SPM) of gas and liquid phases, offering advantages such as high processing capacity, low energy consumption, and excellent separation performance. Compared with traditional distillation operations, the Murphree efficiency of cyclic distillation technology can be increased to 140%—300%, and energy consumption can be reduced by 20%—30%. This article provided a brief overview of the research of background, working principle, industrial applications, and two special trays (Maleta tray and COPS tray) of cyclic distillation technology. The paper summarized the control methods and tower internals of cyclic distillation columns and proposed the prospective development of cyclic distillation technology.

Nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) has been considered to be one of the potential materials, however, its high activity makes it easy to corrosion in air and water and the formed passivation layer covering the surface of particle leads to reduction of the active sites. The researches indicate that the problem of oxidation, passivation and agglomeration of nZVI can be reduced by the modification method. This paper mainly introduces the coating, loading, bimetallic and sulphurization four modification methods, and the enhancement mechanism of modified nZVI is discussed. The application problem of modified nZVI is indicated and relevant suggestions are given for the problems. The nZVI composites prepared by various modification methods can not only reduce the agglomeration and improve the treatment effect of target pollutants, but also can solve the potential problems of biotoxicity. It also suggestes that one of the future research points is the size of nanoparticles and the stability of modified materials.

In past decades, the electrostatics of granules and granular flows has obtained more and more attention due to many industrial problems and development of new technologies. The collisions between granule-granule and granule-wall generate electrostatics. The occurrence of electrostatic can be affected by a variety of factors. As the contact between the granular and the wall, the accumulation of electrostatic charge on their surfaces can reach to an equilibrium state. The present work reviewed electrostatic generation and electrostatic equilibrium in pneumatic conveying granules systems. Two main contact charging ways between granule and wall (collision electrification and friction electrification), granular flow pattern and dynamic analysis were analyzed emphatically. The factors affecting the charging process of granules were discussed, including external conditions (temperature, relative humidity), granules geometry conditions (size, shape, contact area, roughness) and stress conditions. Besides, the numerical calculations of electrostatics in pneumatic conveying granules systems were introduced briefly. Finally, in order to clarify the mechanism of electrostatics in the pneumatic conveying granules systems, the physical mechanism of electrostatics in single granules was analyzed. This review revealed that the working mechanism of electron transfer due to collision or friction remains was not fully understood. These issues is expected to be resolved gradually in the future.

Advanced functional materials are the foundation of modern industries and the innovation of research paradigms is the key to accelerating materials screening and development. As a new research paradigm, the intelligent synthesis model with process automation, high-throughput synthesis and digitalization of information as core elements has gradually become a new trend in modern materials research and development. This article summarized the research status of functional solid materials in the field of intelligent synthesis in recent years and focused on the research progress in the automatic and high-throughput synthesis of porous materials represented by zeolites, metal-organic frameworks, and porous organic polymers, as well as other functional solid materials. This review pointed out the existing shortcomings in the intelligent synthesis of advanced functional materials, such as the difficulty of full process automation and the limited integration with artificial intelligence, further compared the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of several efficient synthetic methods in the reaction rates and product effects, and analyzed the impact of the data-driven model represented by “artificial intelligence and big data” on the performance prediction and assisted synthesis of functional materials. Finally, it was concluded that the development of a more fully functional, accurate, and micro-scale automated synthesis platform, the construction of more accurate and generalizable artificial intelligence algorithms, and their high-degree integration would be the future directions.

Kitchen waste is enormous in its production, and has the characteristics of high water content and complex components. If it is not properly disposed, it will cause serious environmental pollution. This paper introduced the necessity and technological process of kitchen waste pretreatment technology, and summarized the main treatment technologies of kitchen waste, including landfilling, incineration, aerobic composting, anaerobic fermentation and pyrolysis, then the advantages, existing problems and application status of these treatment technologies were discussed. Meanwhile, the pyrolysis process has some advantages, such as not harmful substances produce, the volume and weight of the kitchen waste is highly reduced, and the three-phase products of pyrolysis can be reused, which has the technical advantages of harmlessness, reduction and resource utilization, and can meet the principles of kitchen waste treatment in China. In addition, the development status of kitchen waste pyrolysis technology was also introduced and prospected from the three aspects of pyrolysis characteristics, pyrolysis method and pyrolysis product utilization, in order to provide reference for the development of harmless treatment technology of food waste in China.

Multi-enzyme co-immobilization systems, in which two or more enzymes are immobilized onto or into the same carrier, are based on enzyme cascade reactions. Due to their high atomic economy and sustainable utilization properties, such systems have become a research hotspot in various fields such as material science, life science, and biomedicine. Selecting suitable carrier materials is the most basic and important way to improve the catalytic efficiency of multi-enzyme co-immobilization system. In this paper, the cascade reaction consisted of glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase was used as the model reaction, and the current research progress of carriers for multi-enzyme co-immobilization was summarized from three different interaction forms between carriers and enzymes: random immobilization, partition immobilization and directional immobilization, respectively. Finally, in order to provide research ideas for more multi-enzyme co-immobilization systems, the limitations and challenges in this field were analyzed.

Polyolefin plastics account for more than half of the world's plastics and have an extremely long natural degradation time due to their stable hydrocarbon chain structure. The accumulation of plastic waste leads to serious environmental disasters such as "white pollution" and "microplastics". It is of great importance to focus on the chemical up-recycling of polyolefin waste. This paper summarized the characteristics of catalytic recycling of polyolefins including catalytic pyrolysis, hydrocracking and hydrogenolysis. An overview of the mechanism of formation of value-added products (e.g., aromatics, light olefins and lubricants) commonly used catalysts, and the relationship between structure and activity of catalysts in the cracking process was presented. Meanwhile, process intensification methods for producing high-value products were introduced, including intensification of the reaction process based on reactor design and intensification of the separation process based on the design of efficient separation materials. It was expected that controllable low-temperature pyrolysis and high-value recovery of waste polyolefins can be achieved through the development of high-efficiency catalysts and research on intensification technologies in reaction and separation processes.

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the reaction pathways involved in the co-conversion of CH₄ and CO₂ to produce syngas, acetic acid, and C₂ hydrocarbons. The focus is on elucidating the key reaction steps, intermediates, and the influencing factors on reaction selectivity. For the production of syngas, the activation and dissociation of CO₂ and CH₄ are identified as key steps. The mechanism depends on the acidity of the catalyst support. Acidic or neutral support follow a mono-functional mechanism, where both CH₄ and CO₂ are activated at the same active center. In contrast, a basic support leads to a bi-functional mechanism, involving the activation of CH₄ and CO₂ at different active centers. For acetic acid production, the C-C coupling process assumes to be significant. Two mechanisms are considered: the direct insertion of gas-phase CO₂ into the M—CH₃ bond (Eley-Rideal mechanism), and the prior adsorption of CO₂ followed by insertion (Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism), with a lower reaction energy barrier for the latter. For producing C₂ hydrocarbons, reactive oxygen species are considered to be key intermediates in the reaction, which may be derived from the activation and dissociation of lattice oxygen or CO₂ in the catalyst. To enhance the catalytic performance, constructing multiple active sites on the catalyst surface for the co-catalysis of CH₄ and CO₂ is regarded as a promising catalyst modification strategy. Furthermore, advanced simulation calculation methods and in-situ characterization techniques can help to reveal the dynamic evolution of reaction process and the catalytic mechanism, thus providing the theoretical guidance for the design of catalysts in the CH₄ and CO₂co-conversion reaction.

Fossil fuels meet most of the world’s energy demand today. But too much use of conventional fossil fuels is causing many severe problems, such as environmental pollution, global warming and energy crisis. Therefore, looking for environmentally friendly fuels is very necessary. Ammonia has attracted more and more attention because it is a carbon free carrier with advantages of high energy density and low cost. However, ammonia usually need to co-fire with some fuels such as coal, CH₄ and syngas to improve the combustion characteristics of pure ammonia. This article introduces a detailed development of ammonia/coal and ammonia/methane as fuels for main applications such as boiler and gas turbine. It summarizes the fundamental combustion characteristics and the application research progress of ammonia blends. What’s more, the current understanding of combustion characteristics and the emission characteristics are also summarized. However, using ammonia blends as alternative fuels still has many challenges. In future, the improvement of combustion strategies, equipment and injection strategies is very urgent in order to apply ammonia as a practical fuel with high efficiency and low emission.

The oxygen mass transfer resistance in the cathode catalyst layer of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is the main bottleneck limiting the polarization performance of membrane electrode with low Pt at high current densities. To reduce the oxygen mass transfer resistance of the cathode catalyst layers is of highly significance for the improvement of PEMFC performance and accelerating its commercial applications. In the paper, the sources and contributions of oxygen mass transfer resistance in catalyst layers have been analyzed. It is pointed out that the local oxygen mass transfer resistance is primarily caused by the resistance across the three-phase contact interface among the gas phase, ionomer, and Pt nanoparticles. The influences on the oxygen mass transfer resistance, especially the local one have been expounded from four aspects of Pt nanoparticle, ionomer, carbon support and the water formed, respectively. The methods of reducing oxygen mass transfer resistance have also been summarized. Finally, the design of cathode catalyst layers with low Pt for PEMFC is prospected. It is proposed that constructing suitable support pore structure, rationalizing the Pt particle distributions both inside and outside of the pores, controlling ionomer thickness and its distribution, as well as strengthening water transfer, could help to reduce the oxygen mass transfer resistance and thus to promote the cell power outputs at high current densities.

In order to reduce carbon emissions and improve economic benefits, a grid-connected distributed integrated energy system coupling gas-fired internal combustion engine, rooftop photovoltaics and ground source heat pump was proposed to realize the coordinated supply of regional cooling, heating, power and steam based on the resource endowment and load demand characteristics of the park. With the objective of minimizing the carbon dioxide emissions, annual cost and average power purchase fluctuation, the capacity allocation planning and day-ahead operation dispatch of the system were carried out through the established optimization model. Taking an industrial park in Xi’an as the study case, the optimal capacities under each single objective and multi-objective optimization were obtained based on the load data throughout the year. According to the comprehensive planning results, the annual performance was calculated, and the typical days of heating period and cooling period were selected for dispatch research. The sensitivity analysis was made for the fluctuations of photovoltaics installation, electricity price and gas price, and the corresponding energy storage capacities and system performance changes were determined. The results indicated that the environmental performance and stability of the distributed integrated energy system could be significantly improved under the premise of meeting the demand, and the annual cost was the most sensitive to the changes of electricity price and gas price.

The printing and dyeing industry consumes a lot of water and produces a large amount of dye wastewater, which limits the green and sustainable development of the textile industry. As a new separation technology, nanofiltration (NF) which utilizes NF membrane as a medium to separate dyes from dye wastewater has been widely used in recent years due to its high separation efficiency and low energy consumption. The dyes in dying wastewater can be separated and recycled without dye degradation during the NF process. However, the NF membrane still has the problems, such as low flux rate, poor thermal stability and poor antifouling ability. In this review, the research progress of preparation and modification of NF membrane for dying wastewater treatment is reviewed. Firstly, the preparation methods of NF membrane including phase inversion, interfacial polymerization, co-deposition, layer-by-layer self-assembly, surface coating and surface grafting are introduced. Secondly, the modification of NF membranes, such as hydrophilic modification, chlorine resistance modification, antibacterial modification, high mechanical properties and thermal stable NF membrane is summarized. Furthermore, the challenges of NF membranes in preparation and application in harsh environments are pointed out. Finally, some perspectives on promising methods for improving the performance of NF membrane are provided.

With the merits of green, effective, safe and on site, hydrogen peroxide production via electrocatalytic two-electron oxygen reduction process is considered as an alternative to the traditional high pollution and energy intensive anthraquinone method. Benefitting from the virtues of high atom utilization, homogeneous active sites and high activity, single atom catalysts for two-electron oxygen reduction show great potential in hydrogen peroxide production. This paper focuses on the progress of single atom catalysts including both noble metal and non-precious metal in electrocatalytic oxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide. Both experimental results and theoretical calculations are emphasized to reveal the relations between electronic structure and catalytic performance. Strategies to enhance the two-electron catalytic performance including altering of central metal atoms, regulation of coordinated atoms and local environment are also summarized. This paper aims to provide ideas and reference for the design of catalysts with high activity and selectivity towards hydrogen peroxide production. Opportunities and challenges of single atom catalysts for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide are prospected. Characterization of active sites, stability and preparation method for single atom catalysts are urgently needed to be improved to promote their development in hydrogen peroxide production via electrocatalytic oxygen reduction.

Directly converting CO₂ into valuable chemicals in aqueous electrolytes using renewable electric energy provides a sustainable strategy for the CO₂ utilization. Copper is the only metal catalyst that can efficiently produce C₂₊ products at appreciable rates. However, the diverse distribution of products (more than 16 types) in the electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction (eCO₂RR) significantly increases the cost of product separation and weakens the energy conversion efficiency of the system, thus hindering the industrialization of eCO₂RR. Therefore, it is of great importance to rationally design copper-based catalysts that exhibit high selectivity toward a specific product. During more than 30 years of development, the research on copper-based catalysts has made great progress. This review provided an overview of the reaction mechanisms, reaction paths and regulation strategies of eCO₂RR using copper-based catalysts based on recent studies. The regulation strategies for achieving various products were comprehensively summarized. Finally, challenges and future directions for copper-based catalysts were discussed.