Modern coal gasification technology is an important part of modern coal chemical industrial plants,involving stable operation of the entire coal plant. This paper introduces application of modern coal gasification technologies in China,summarizes characteristics of gasification processes,application parameters,market data,etc. The first class gasification technology is entrained-bed gasification process,which can be divided into dry pulverized coal pressurized gasification and wet coal-water slurry pressurized gasification. The typical dry pulverized coal pressurized gasification technologies include Shell Gasifier,GSP Gasifier,HT-LZ Gasifier,WHG (Ning Mei) Gasifier,Two-stage Gasifier,CHOREN CCG Gasifier,SE Gasifier. The typical wet coal-water slurry pressurized gasification technologies include GE (Texaco) Gasifier,coal-water slurry gasifier with opposed multi-burners,Multi-component Slurry Gasifier,Non-slag/slag Gasifier (modified as Tsinghua Gasifier),E-gas (Destec) Gasifier. The second class gasification technology is fluidized-bed coal gasification process. The typical fluidized-bed coal gasification technologies include U-gas Gasifier,SES Lignite Gasifier,CAGG Gasifier. The third class gasification technology is fixed-bed coal gasification process. The typical fixed-bed coal gasification technologies include Lurgi Lignite Gasifier,Crushed coal Pressure Gasifier,BGL Gasifier. This paper points out the importance of coal gasification and recommends the strategic goal of combination of foreign advanced coal gasification concepts and modern coal gasification technologies with independent intellectual property rights.

Hydrogen energy is one of the most promising energy carriers to support smart grid and large-scale of power generation by renewable energy. Water electrolysis is one of the most important routes to realize the large-scale of hydrogen production. Among the technologies of water electrolysis, proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEMEL) technology has attracted the attention of scientific and industrial communities because of its advantages of high current density, high purity of hydrogen production and fast response speed. This paper firstly introduces the structure of PEMEL and the main functions of each component. The technical differences between the alkaline electrolyzer, solid oxide electrolyzer and proton exchange membrane electrolyzer are compared and analyzed. Through explaining the mechanism of oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction, this paper introduces common electrocatalysts for electrochemical water splitting. With the advantages of low cost and improved performance, non-noble metal catalysts are becoming more competitive. Then, from the initial laboratory research stage to the current megawatt-level PEMEL, this paper reviews the development process and application of the technology. Further, the current bottlenecks of the technology are discussed from multiple perspective. The major bottlenecks of PEMEL are the cost of hydrogen production, the performance of electrode material and the life of stacks. Finally, it is prospected based on the advantages of PEMEL that the application of such technology has a promising future for the renewable energy demand as well as the joint application with other industries.

Hydrogen, as a clean and efficient secondary energy, is an important component of building a clean society in the future. To date, the hydrogen production industry in China is highly dependent on fossil energy. Therefore, the development of environment-friendly hydrogen production by water electrolysis has very important practical significance. The production of high-purity hydrogen through the electrolysis of water via renewable energy is one of the most potential green hydrogen route among many hydrogen production technologies. Based on the introduction of three water electrolysis technologies and core components, the progress of the research on electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was reviewed, and the research status of transition metal-based electrocatalysts and single-atom catalysts were systematically discussed. Furthermore, the integration of renewable energy generation and water electrolysis hydrogen production technology was further discussed, and the development progress of domestic and foreign hydrogen production projects based on renewable energy was briefly described. With the reduction of electricity costs and the development of efficient, stable and economical hydrogen evolution catalysts, hydrogen production by electrolysis based on renewable energy will be an important way for our country to realize the transition from traditional energy to low-carbon clean energy, solve the problem of renewable energy consumption, and accelerate the industrialization of hydrogen energy.

Distillation is the most widely used key separation technology in chemical engineering,which has been extensively used in separation process in industry,such as petroleum,chemical engineering,fertilizer,pharmaceutical,environment protection,etc. Distillation possesses extensive application and technical mature,but also faces some disadvantages as huge capital investment and high energy consumption. Thus,it is of significant social-economic meanings to research and develop new as well as high-efficient mass transfer unit and develop new energy-saving distillation technique. The research progress of distillation process is summarized in this article,including types of distillation column,hydraulic performance,mass transfer performance,scale-up,energy saving,process intensification,etc. For hydraulic performance of tray column,the gas-liquid flow situation,pressure drop,weeping and entrainment are introduced. For hydraulic performance of packing column,pressure drop,flooding and holdup are studied. But the current study is still relying on empirical correlation and lack of the rigorous theoretical model. As for the study of gas-liquid mass transfer,the mass-transfer theory is mainly reviewed,but the scientific and accurate model has not been put forward. The study of scale-up includes tray,gas-liquid distributor and support device. The process energy-saving and intensification technology is reviewed,including process- coupling,process energy-saving,recovery of low grade waste heat,special distillation. Finally,the prospects of mass-transfer,process intensification and development direction of process integration are proposed.

Microreactor belongs to the miniature chemical reaction system, which has some characteristics of high heat-and mass-transfer rates, strictly-controlled reaction time, easy scale-up, excellent safety performance, and so on. Comparing with the common batch reactors, advantages of microreactors are reducing reaction time, greatly promoting conversion and yields. On the other hand, there are some existing challenges, such as the clogging problem, catalyst loading, design and fabrication of microchannels, and so on. This paper aims to introduce the microreactor technology, which has been growing rapidly in recent years. Some of the basic characteristics of microreactor are summarized focusing on applications of microreactor in chemistry and chemical engineering as well as some of typical examples of existing in fine chemical and pharmaceutical industry. A variety of challenges are also discussed. Microreactor is a frontier and hot topic in the research of chemistry and chemical engineering and analysis shows that microreactor still has very big development space and has the potential to change the chemistry and chemical engineering landscape. In the future, further in-depth and systematic understanding of the regularities and mechanisms of chemical reaction in microreactor and design of microchannels should be emphasized. Introducing the microreactor technology into more reaction systems and further improving the integration level still need to be perfected.

Activated persulfate (PS) oxidation based on the oxidation principle of sulfate radical (SO₄ ^-·) is a hot research topic of advanced oxidation process (AOP) in recent years. Since activated persulfate oxidation is economical, efficient, environmentally friendly, safe and stable, it gives out new countermeasures in water treatment, environmental protection and other fields. Previously, scholars found that the activated persulfate oxidation had different free radicals involved in the oxidation reaction with different reaction conditions such as pH, catalysts, which lead to varying degrees of influence in degradation results. Based on the relevant radical oxidation mechanism, including single oxidation with sulfate radical, synergistic oxidation with sulfate radical and the other enhanced catalytic activation, the domestic and foreign scholars’ research on the degradation of typical organic pollutants by persulfate was analyzed. Besides, the work on catalyst development was studied, and many novel activated methods of persulfate and its degradation effect and deficiency were pointed out. Furthermore, the way out for better development and application of persulfate oxidation method in the future was explored.

Currently,the fast-growing consumer electronics,electric vehicles and stationary energy storage,have spurred a surge demand for lithium-ion battery(LIB),which occupies the largest share of battery market. Accordingly,both the number and weight of spent LIBs have greatly increased. In view of their large quantities,and the environmental preservation and resources regeneration,the recycling of spent LIBs is highly desirable. In this review,we summarized the disposal and recycling processes developed in both laboratory industrial scales,especially for the research of re-synthesis of new electrode materials in the recycling process. The issues of existing recycling processes lie in the difficulties in separation and purification due to the complexity of the spent materials,secondary pollution problems and insufficient economic motivation. The research in the future should be focused on developing highly efficient,green and low-cost recycling processes.

In this review,state-of-the-art technology of polyolefin-based elastomer manufacture,including major producers and product trademarks,grades and properties were summarized. Research and developments on production process and catalyst system for the ethylene-propylene binary and ternary rubbers(EPM,EPDM,mEPDM),the poly(ethylene-co-α-olefin) elastomer(POE)and the poly(ethylene-block-α-olefin) elastomer(OBC)were also introduced. It has been pointed out that the thermoplastic elastomer,such as POE and OBC,and the polyolefin plastomer not only had excellent mechanical and physical properties of polyolefin-based elastomer,but also was easy molding and processing,and can be recycled and reused. And the metallocene catalyst had the advantages of high activity,good ability to catalyze copolymerization with α-olefin,and single active site. In order to independently develop the polyolefin-based elastomer,the thermoplastic elastomer and plastomer with more excellent performance and more profitable,such as mEPDM,POE and OBC et al,the researches on the metallocene catalyst with high temperature adaptability and the high temperature solution polymerization process must be strengthened.

The development status of hydrogen production technology from coal, natural gas, methanol and hydrogen recovery from industrial byproducts was analyzed in detail. The production cost and economy of several hydrogen production technologies from fossil raw materials were studied and compared, and the development prospect of hydrogen production technology from fossil raw materials was deeply considered. The conclusion was that coal hydrogen production technology had excellent resources. Coal-based hydrogen production was the preferred technology for large-scale hydrogen production because of its potential and cost advantages. Natural gas-based hydrogen production had great development potential, but there were problems of resource constraints and high cost. By-product hydrogen recovery was a potential hydrogen production mode in the future. Methanol-based hydrogen production was flexible in scale, but it had shortcomings of high equipment cost and poor stability. Under the current situation that new energy hydrogen production technologies such as solar energy were not yet mature, hydrogen production from fossil raw materials will play a major role. In the future, hydrogen industry will be the supply pattern of coexistence and diversified development of various ways of hydrogen production from fossil raw materials， electrolytic water and new energy.

Nano-structure carbon materials are among the most widely studied and used inorganic non-metallic materials. This article summarizes the recent research progress and development of the nitrogen doping materials,which have a great influence on the electrical conductivity of carbon materials,field emission performance,supercapacitor performance,oxygen reduction catalytic performance,other catalytic properties and hydrogen storage performance. Recent researches have indicated that nitrogen doping can significantly enhance the electrochemical and catalytic performance of these materials,while endue these materials with some peculiar properties. Therefore,it is expected to explore novel methods to improve the performance and efficiency of equipment and the catalytic process based on the nano-structure carbon materials.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has been considered as one of the most promising next-generation power sources for clean automobiles because of their advantages in efficiency, power density, environmental friendliness, low temperature start ability, etc.. However, the gap between the durability and cost of PEMFC and those of commercialization requirements is still large. To overcome the above-mentioned two major problems, joint efforts and progress of the entire fuel cell process chain are required. In this paper, the recent research progress of the entire PEMFC process chain, from catalysts, membrane electrode assemblies (MEA), fuel cell stacks to fuel cell engines, are analyzed and classified reviewed, and research hotspots such as single-atom catalysts, non-noble metal catalysts, special morphology catalysts, ordered catalyst layers, high-temperature proton exchange membranes, MEA interlayer interface optimization, integrated porous bipolar plates, hydrogen circulation, are introduced. This paper points out that low/non-platinum catalyst layers, ultra-thin proton exchange membranes, gradient/ordered MEA, high-temperature operation and self-humidification of fuel cells are the future development trends, of which further innovation and breakthrough are urgently needed.

Hydrogen is regarded as the most promising source of clean and high efficient energy. The key to using hydrogen on a large scale lies in its storage,transportation,and distribution. The methods of hydrogen storage are pressurized gaseous hydrogen storage,cryogenic liquefaction hydrogen storage,metal alloy hydrogen storage,and liquid organic hydrogen storage,and so on. This paper reviews the latest research progress of liquid organic hydrogen storage materials,such as cyclohexane, methyl cyclohexane,decalin,carbazole,and ethylcarbazole. The principle and characteristics of reversible hydrogen storage and transportation technology of organic liquid hydrides are discussed. Hydrogen storage in liquid organic hydrides is considered as a safe,efficient storage method. Using industrial chemicals obtained from mass production, developing high efficiency and low-cost dehydrogenation catalysts,and studying the optimal reaction conditions of PAHs,such as naphthalene, to lower hydrogen storage costs and achieve large scale applications,are outlined.

As a value-added chemical product derived from renewable biomass, the furfural has many promising applications. In this paper, recent advances in the furfural production from biomass via hydrolysis were summarized, and the important derivatives of furfural and their applications were discussed. Based on the mechanical analysis of hemicellulose hydrolysis reaction and xylose dehydration reaction, the production advances of furfural via hydrolysis were discussed from the aspects of feedstock, solvent system, catalyst, and separation process. Furthermore, the shortcomings and possible solutions of the current furfural production method were proposed. In addition, the synthesis of high value chemicals via the hydrogenation, amination, oxidation, acetal or polymerization of furfural was summarized. In order to realize the green and efficient production and application of furfural, the reaction system with low cost, low energy consumption, low pollution, and high efficiency should be designed. At the same time, it’s very important to develop an economic and environmentally-friendly method to achieve the complete utilization of furfural-derived products.

The catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to chemicals, such as methanol, is a promising carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology. The key challenge of CO₂ hydrogenation is the development of efficient catalyst. Compared with traditional copper based catalysts, indium based catalysts have attracted much attention due to their high methanol selectivity and excellent high-temperature stability. And thus, In based catalysts have been paid more attention in recent years since they show high methanol selectivity and good stability at high temperature. However, the understanding of the mechanism and nature of In based catalysts for CO₂ hydrogenation has not yet formed a unified theory. This review summarizes the research progress of catalyst from preparation methods, reaction mechanism, thermodynamic analysis and structure characterization. In view of the existing problems such as low single-pass conversion and insufficient catalyst stability, future research directions are proposed, including introducing extra promoters or active components, designing catalysts with special structures and coupling molecular sieves.

Electrolytic copper foil is an important part in lithium ion batteries as the current collector and the carrier of anode materials. It directly influences the battery's capacity and cycle life. It is an effective method to control properties of electrolytic copper foils by using additives, which could change the electrode potential of cathode reactions and affect the microstructure and morphology of foils significantly. In this work, the research progress of conventional additives was reviewed according to their characteristic groups, including organosulfur compounds, amine compounds, polyether compounds, chlorine ions and ions of rare elements. The interactions between different kinds of additives were also introduced. Based on the analysis and comparison on the mechanisms and effects of different additives, key limitations including the poor correlation between mechanisms and performance, contradictions in mechanism interpretations, the lack of effective research methods, and the difficulties in industrial applications were pointed out. More researches of insight into the mechanisms and more efficient formulations additives should be acquired in future.

Zeoliticimidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are a new class of MOFs materials, characterized by porous crystalline and topology structure which is formed through the complexation of N atom in imidazole ring with divalent transition metal ions. Different ZIFs structures could be obtained through the modulation of the interaction between the ligands. The synthesis methods include solvothermal method, hydrothermal method, liquid phase diffusion method, colloid chemical method, microwave synthesis method, and ultrasonic method, etc. Recent studies on the excellent performances and the applications of ZIFs materials were reviewed in this paper. Specially, their applications, such as selective adsorption/separation of gas, catalytic reaction, optics, magnetic materials and other areas, were introduced in detail. In the end, the synthesis of novel ZIFs materials as well as their potential applications in electronic equipment, energy utilization and environment protection in the future is prospected.

Conductive ink derives from conductive coating,and the rise of printed electronics industry produces demands of research and development for conductive ink. This work reviews the research status,conductive mechanism,application and the development direction of carbon-based conductive ink fillers. Firstly,the research achievements of the traditional carbon-based conductive ink fillers (graphite,carbon black,carbon fiber and its mixtures) and new carbon-based conductive ink fillers (carbon nanotubes and graphene) are summarized. Especially,the research direction and methods of traditional carbon-based fillers are analyzed,and the superiority of new carbon-based fillers is explained. Secondly,the fundamental principles and application scopes of several main conductive mechanisms are summarized from both macro and micro levels. And the limitation of current research methods for ink conductive properties is pointed out,which describe qualitatively rather than evaluate quantitatively. Finally,the achievements and applications of two new carbon-based conductive ink fillers are introduced. Especially,the key technical problems to be solved at present in application of carbon nanotubes and graphene fillers are proposed,and the research focus and tendency in the future are summarized.

Graphene,an atomic thick and two-dimensional structure lattice of carbon atoms with sp² hybridization,has not only excellent mechanical property and conductivity and large specific surface area,but also strong resistance to high temperature,acid and alkaline,which makes it very promising in the application of new carbon materials. In this review,special structure and properties of graphene are introduced,together with the current development; and recent progress in the use of graphene is summarized,which includes those as biological materials,film materials,catalytic materials,and energy storage materials. Problems in the practical application of graphene materials are analyzed,and the future development of graphene in electronics and composites is also discussed.

CO₂ mineral curing technology is based on the carbonation reaction and product formation process between the early-formed concrete material and CO₂ to improve the mechanical strength of concrete products. The development of CO₂ mineral carbonation curing focuses on the mineralization reaction (i.e., accelerated carbonation) between the binder materials and CO₂ in the concrete after pre-curing/early hydration molding. In this process, the hydration process of the cementitious material is no longer the main reaction for the strength gain. Therefore, in order to fully realize the mineralization cementation and the CO₂ fixation, and maximize the environmental benefits, researchers have widely explored the alkali metal materials with CO₂ mineralization potential in recent years, and investigated the effect of mineralization reaction on the microstructure and properties of concrete. In this paper, the research progress of CO₂ mineral carbonation curing technology on novel concrete materials is reviewed. The hydraulic calcium silicate materials used in traditional concrete, non-hydraulic calcium silicate materials, magnesium-based cement materials and industrial solid waste materials are considered and compared. The paper introduced the latest achievements on the CO₂ reaction characteristics of different materials and the performance optimization of building materials after curing. The prospects for the future development of CO₂ mineral carbonation technology are also summarized. The main suggestions include: firstly, focusing on the microstructure reaction mechanism and mineral properties, and developing effective reaction enhancement methods; secondly, developing the non-hydraulic calcium silicate materials; thirdly, combining the industrial solid waste recycling and the CO₂ mineral carbonation processes to use solid waste and gas waste in one process, and developing the specific process and device.

The aggregation of asphaltene is closely related to its phase behavior, fluidity, coking and precipition in heavy oil processing. The high aromaticity and high heteroatom content in molecular structure, which make they have many active sites are the main reason for asphaltene aggregation. Various models describing asphaltene aggregation behavior, including Yen-Mullins model, supramolecular assembly model, linear-like aggregation model and solubility model, were introduced in detail, and the characteristics of various models were analyzed. The Yen-Mullins model showed the dominant molecular and colloidal structures containing asphaltene nano-aggregates and clusters. The supramolecular assembly model was based on supramolecular chemistry, and it was considered that asphaltene aggregation formed the supramolecular structure with the accumulation of various interactions. Both the linear polymerization model and the solubility model were simplified model that mainly used to predict the molecular weight and dissolution behavior of asphaltene. The molecular structure of asphaltene was the basis of various interactions and aggregation behaviors, and the current separation and characterization were mainly based on asphaltene aggregates. Therefore, efficient separation and accurate characterization on asphaltene to get monomolecular structure was the key point of research on the interaction and aggregation mechanism of asphaltene.

ZIF-8 was calcined in nitrogen,and the calcined samples were characterized by XRD,FESEM,BET,and HRTEM. The adsorption and photocatalytic properties of the calcined samples were tested through the removal of methylene blue. The results showed that the structure and morphology of ZIF-8 were maintained when the calcination temperature was less than 500℃. When the temperature reached 600℃,ZIF-8 began to decompose,the Zn in the structure changed to ZnO,and the complex ZnO@C was formed. Unfortunately,the photocatalytic activity of ZnO@C was not high,because the formed ZnO was covered by C,which reduced tits contact with methylene blue molecules. With the further increase of the temperature,porous carbon of graphite structure was formed. The higher the calcination temperature,the more the particles' agglomeration and blocks of large particle size were formed by the aggregation of nano-sized particles. The increase of calcination temperature also led to the increases of specific surface area and the number of mesoporous and large pores of the calcined samples. The methylene blue removal experiments showed that the removal efficiency was significantly increased with the increase of carbonization temperature. The removal efficiency of porous carbon formed by carbonization at 1000℃ was better than that of commercial activated carbon,which is mainly because the former had the surface area and larger pore size.

Due to the special ion transfer characteristic in ion exchange membranes (IEMs),the processes based on them such as electrodialysis and diffusion dialysis can achieve the separation and classification of the ions,which are found more and more important applications in the clean production,energy-saving and emission reducing,etc. This paper reviews the frontier progress in the preparation,application of IEMs and the corresponding modules. Additionally,the problems to be solved and the future development are also directed. For the membrane preparation,the novel IEMs structures such as the three phase structure derived from two phase structure,the porous structure derived from dense structure and the electro-nanofiltration are developed herein. The obtained membranes exhibit both high flux and high selectivity,diversifying membrane functions. For the applications of IEMs,the integration of electrodialysis and diffusion dialysis is reported,resulting in better separation effect and lower cost. In the meantime,the membrane module is optimized and a novel spiral wound membrane module is developed,which has overcome the drawbacks of traditional plate counterpart. It is worth mentioning that the application fields of IEMs are also expanded from primary water treatment to the separation and purification of complex waste solutions. The progress proposed in this manuscript will guide for the development of IEMs and will undoubtedly speed up their industrialization.

As a strategic non-metallic mineral resource, the unique structure of natural graphite makes it have excellent electrical conductivity (resistivity 8×10^-6~13×10^-6Ω·m), strong plasticity, low friction coefficient (0.08~0.16), high temperature resistance, stable chemical properties, good natural floatability and other properties, and thus it is a key raw material necessary for many industries. At the same time, natural graphite has a wide range of uses, high added value of deep-processed products and long industrial chain. In addition to being widely used in refractory, sealing, casting, conductive materials and other traditional industrial fields, natural graphite also has great application prospects in emerging fields such as new energy, new generation electronic information technology, new energy vehicles and high-end equipment manufacturing, which makes it well-known as “industrial black gold”. China is rich in graphite resources, but has not yet become a strong country in graphite resources. Based on the current status of graphite mineral resources, the international trade data and the structure of graphite consumption market, this article analyzed the comprehensive utilization of China's natural graphite. On this basis, the separation technology, purification method, preparation of deep-processed products and the application in the emerging strategic industry were discussed. The comprehensive utilization of graphite resources was systematically introduced, which mainly involved three important types of graphite deep processing products, such as graphite interlaminar compound, spherical graphite and graphene. Finally, the future direction of strengthening the development and utilization of graphite resources was proposed according to the trend of the graphite industry.

As the world's largest refining country, the development status of the USA refining industry was analysed. Its refining capacity was concentrated in five major regions. The Gulf of Mexico in the PADD3 was not only the USA but also the world's largest refining center. Since 2013, the USA refinery's utilization has been maintained at around 90%, and the margin led the world. With the change of crude oil quality and the continuous upgrading of oil quality, the proportion of catalytic cracking and catalytic reforming was decreased, meanwhile, the hydrogenation capacity was significantly improved, and the plant configuration was continuously optimized. Meanwhile, the newest development trend was summarized. First, thanks to the success of the shale oil and gas revolution, the crude output, production and exports of oil products continued to grow. In 2017 the crude oil dependeny fell to 42.07% and the net export of USA oil products was 438000 barrels/day. Second, in order to improve the competitiveness of the industry and enterprises, the elimination of backward refining capacity and the pace of mergers and acquisitions was further accelerated, and the internationalization was continued to promote. The third was to pay more attention to the overall regionalization and basement development, especially the PADD3 and PADD2 with resources, logistics and market advantages. The forth was to continuously innovate and upgrade traditional refining technologies such as catalytic cracking, hydrocracking and treatment, and alkylation etc, and increase the research and development of cutting-edge technologies including molecular refining, crude oil to chemicals, intelligent refineries etc. In view of the status and development of the USA refining industry, therefore, to achieve high-quality development of the China refining industry in the future, the most basic condition should ensure national oil security. What’s more, under the active guidance of national policies, some measures should be implemented in order to fulfill the "Chinese dream" of refining power, including continuing to advance supply-side structural reform, promoting the base, regional and integrative development, carrying forward internationality, attaching great importance to safety and environmental protection and quality upgrading, and continuous strengthening the scientific and technological innovation through the internal strength.

With the advantages of proper phase change temperature,high latent heat,cheap raw materials and high thermal conductivity (compared with organic phase change materials),the inorganic hydrated salts are considered as ideal heat storage materials in the field of middle and low temperature heat utilization. However,the hydrated salts have also defects of supercooling,phase separation and leakage,which have significantly limited their applications. The traditional researches on hydrated salts focused on the choice of nucleating agents and thickening agents. Recently,some researchers on the composite or encapsulation of inorganic hydrous salt showed up,greatly promoting the work of improving the performance of hydrated salts. In this paper,the solutions for supercooling and phase separation and the researches on phase change composites of several common inorganic hydrated salts are summarized. Compared with single phase change materials,the phase change composites have many superior properties. Preparing inorganic hydrated salts phase change composites with porous materials package and micro encapsulation technology may become the research hotspots for solving the problem of inorganic hydrated salts leakage in the future.

Taking 2-chrolobenzyl chrolide as the raw material, Prothioconazole was normally obtained via Grignard reaction, condensation and vulcanization reaction. However, this reported synthesis process was difficult to be applied industrially due to the low yield of Grignard reagent and huge amount of coupling byproduct formed. Chloro-cyclopropyl(benzyl)methanone, the product of condensation reaction of acid and ester, was taken as the key intermediate to synthesis prothioconazole in this work. Under the optimal reaction condition, 2-chlorophenylaceticacid and methyl 1-chrolocyclopropanecarboxylate were taken as the reactants, tetrahydrofuran as the solvent, the product ketone was obtained in the presence of the Grignard reagent i-PrMgCl. The content of the product was 98.2% after distillation and the yield was 83%. The synthesis process is suitable for industrial application with the advantages of high yield and easy to operate under mild operation condition.

Anode materials is one of the key factors for the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), and the related in-depth research in recent years has led to some breakthrough. However, the large radius of sodium-ion has a great impact on the battery performance. This article systematically reviews the new results of anode materials for SIBs in the preparation and performance characteristics, covering carbon-based materials, titanium-based compounds, alloy materials, metal compounds and organic compounds and the focus is on the structure-performance relationship. The key issues and strategies related to the research and development of SIBs anode materials are highlighted. In addition, the perspective and new directions of SIBs are briefly outlined. It is necessary to develop new modification methods to realize carbon coating, nanostructure, porous morphology and element doping in order to meet the requirements of different energy storage fields.

Raw materials containing nickel are classified in four categories, including nickel products, ores, byproducts and waste materials. The preparation technologies of nickel sulfate for industrial use varies with different raw materials. According to the research progresses and production status of nickel sulfate, the four categories of nickel-containing raw materials were further classified into ten sub-categories in this paper. Nickel products were categorized into metallic nickel and nickel carbonyl, nickel ores were categorized into nickel sulphide ores and nickel laterite ores, byproducts were categorized into nickel sulfate, deplating wastewater/electroplating sludge, and pickling sludge, and waste materials were categorized into spent nickel-based catalyst, spent batteries and nickel alloy scrap. This paper reviewed the strengths of raw materials containing nickel, progresses in the industrial preparation technologies of nickel sulfate respectively, presented leaching and refining techniques in detail particularly, and proposed feasible processes in theory. In addition, industrialization production status was summarized based on the comprehensive survey of existing plants. Finally, the perspective of preparation technologies of nickel sulfate with each material was also put forward.

The continuous reduction of manufacturing cost for vehicle fuel cell system and the improvement of the stack durability promote the rapid development of fuel cell vehicles. Electrocatalyst, proton exchange membrane and gas diffusion layer are the basic materials for making fuel cell stack, which determine the cost and durability of the stack. In this paper, it is reviewed that the application development of manufacturing technology for electrocatalysts, proton exchange membrane and gas diffusion layer, the importance of the manufacturing technology development of the three key materials is explained and the reasons for the low level of their industrialization in China is analysed, and some development suggestions are put forward,which provides a reference for accelerating the nationalization of products of the materials, in order to reduce the manufacturing cost and to improve the durability of the domestic FC stack.

TiO₂ has such advantages as excellent photocatalytic performance,high chemical stability,low toxicity and price. However,it only responds to UV light due to its wide forbidden band,and the electrons and holes are prone to recombination,leading to a decrease of catalytic activity and efficiency. This paper introduced the latest research progress on several main modification methods of TiO₂. Surface deposition of noble metal,semiconductor composite and dye sensitization can reduce the width of the forbidden band,increase the response wavelength and make full use of the sunlight. Ion doping can make TiO₂ crystal surface generate the defects,restrain the recombination of photoproduction electrons and holes,and increase the number of surface active centers. Carbon nanotube and graphene modification can improve light absorption of TiO₂ to the visible,extend the response range, speed up the electronic transmission,reduce the carrier recombination,and upgrade the catalytic efficiency. As a new doping material graphene has great potentials,and TiO₂-based multi-components composite photocatalysts are promising to achieve better catalytic properties than single-component surface modified or doped TiO₂. Finally,research progress on hydrophilic/hydrophobic surface modification of TiO₂ was reviewed.

With the rapid development of Chinese economy,the fossil fuel consumption,such as coal,petroleum,etc.,is increasing continually so that the haze appears frequently and the areas of acid rain continue to expand. A large amount of sulfur dioxide emissions have led to the current situation that the pressure on the environment has intensified. This paper briefly introduces the technologies of dry,semi dry and wet flue gas desulfurization and their advantages and disadvantages. Advantages and disadvantages of different wet flue gas desulfurization methods,such as limestone-gypsum method,sodium alkali method,ammonia method,magnesium method,organic amine method,sea water method,phosphate rock slurry method were discussed. The main aim of this paper is to elaborate the new phosphate rock slurry method and its desulfurization mechanism as well as comparing the characteristics and application range of different wet desulphurization technologies. Through economic analysis of phosphate rock slurry and sodium alkali method,limestone-gypsum and magnesium method wet flue gas desulfurization technology,the running cost of phosphate rock slurry wet flue gas desulfurization technology is the lowest among those technologies. The recovery of sulfur dioxide becomes sulfuric acid by catalytic oxidation,getting into phosphorus chemical industry chain and replacing some of the sulfuric acid. The method has no by-products and no secondary pollution and is suitable for enterprises and parks with phosphate rock production. The principle of phosphate rock slurry wet flue gas desulfurization technology can be extended to the wet metallurgical enterprises.

Developing new adsorbents and PSA processes is an important way to improve performance of PSA devices. In this paper, progress of modified adsorbent and new processes of PSA producing oxygen are reviewed. Li-LSX or LSX exchanged with Li⁺ and other ions has ideal separation performance, but such adsorbents have problems of low ion exchange utilization and high cost. Preparation of other single or multi-ions modified adsorbents is relatively simple, but the disadvantages are low separation factor and high cost. Optimization process of modified PSA for oxygen production based on cycle step cannot provide guide for industrial oxygen devices because of laboratory scale data and less in-depth study. Rapid PSA and duplex PSA processes have broad development prospect for oxygen production, and should be paid enough attention. Moreover, multi-stage and coupled PSA processes have broad application prospect, but they have problems of complex process and high energy consumption.

Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels have attracted great attention mainly due to their wide applications in separation processes. The recent design concepts of IPN hydrogels,including sequential IPN,simultaneous IPN and semi-IPN,based on polysaccharides (such as chitosan,alginate,starch,and other polysaccharides),protein (such as gelatin,collagen,silk fibroin and soy protein) and synthetic polymers (ionic and nonionic polymers) are introduced. Moreover,semi-IPN and IPN hydrogels as adsorbent used in separation of dyes and heavy metal ions are reviewed. In order to improve biocompatibility,swelling rate and mechanical properties,synthetic polymers composed of natural polymers are used to fabricate IPN hydrogels. IPN hydrogels are endowed with very fast kinetics and high sorption capacity for sorption of dyes and heavy metal ions compared with single network hydrogels. Future research could be highly efficient IPN hydrogels,such as ion-imprinted IPN hydrogels and macroporous IPN composites cryogels,in improving specific surface area and selective adsorption.

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) is an important class of atmospheric pollutants, and the consequential environmental pollution problems have got wide attention. Activated carbon adsorption method is an effective method for controlling the pollution caused by VOCs. This paper embarks from the introduction of VOCs treatment technology, introducing the use of activated carbon adsorption method in the treatment of VOCs briefly. By summarizing the process technology and existing problems of treating VOCs by activated carbon, the thermal pressure swing adsorption, electric swing adsorption, with advantages of the high efficiency, energy conservation and environmental protection have good prospects for development in the treatment of VOCs. In addition, to provide a theoretical basis for improvement and development a special activated carbon for VOCs treatment, the influence of the surface chemical properties of activated carbon, the physical properties of the adsorbate, and the operating conditions of VOCs on activated carbon adsorption were analyzed. Based on the summarization of the existing research progresses, the development trend of the technology in removal of VOCs by activated carbon adsorption method was forecasted. The measures of improving process, coupling with other VOCs treatment technology, and developing varieties of activated carbons and diverse recovery equipment to accommodate the emissions of VOCs from different fields will be the research hotspots in the future.

Nitrogen oxides (NO _x ) are one class of the major air pollutants, which has brought serious problems to human health and ecological environment. Low temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology is the main research direction of flue gas denitrification in recent years. Carbon-based materials have been extensively studied as catalyst carriers in SCR field because of their large specific surface area, porous structure and many other characteristics. The researches about the carbon-based materials including activated carbon (coke), activated carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and about the carbon coated catalysts in the field of low-temperature ammonia selective catalytic reduction (NH₃-SCR) denitrification are reviewed. The effects of surface functional groups, reaction conditions and rare earth elements on the denitration performance of carbon-based supported catalysts are described. The catalytic reaction mechanism of carbon-based materials is also discussed. The future research focuses of the carbon-based SCR catalysts should be placed on modifying them by various methods, optimizing the denitrification performance and stability under moderate and low temperature conditions and further exploring the adsorption-activation behavior and catalytic pathway of the reaction species on the catalyst surface.

The effect of electric field on the interfacial tension of liquid droplets is of crucial importance to the movement,deformation,splitting and merging of micro fluids actuated by electric fields,which is extensively applied in micro drop control,electronic display,crude dehydration,etc., and its applications have many potential prospects. In this paper,the effects of electric field on the interfacial tension at gas-liquid,gas-solid and liquid-liquid interface are reviewed comprehensively. The mechanism of micro droplet dynamics induced by interfacial tensions in electric fields is discussed. The related experimental studies and simulation results are summarized. The trend of gas-liquid interfacial tension in the electric field is still controversial due to the difference in the experiments and simulation. The diversiform effects of DC and AC electric fields on the spreading of the droplet and the oscillating characteristic in the process of electrowetting are discussed. Similarly,the remarkable effects of DC,AC and pulse electric field on the movement of a droplet in the process of electric emulsification are analyzed. In addition,based on research progress and existing problems,the possible prospects of electric field on interfacial tension and dynamics of liquid droplets are suggested.

The supply-demand status and application prospect in downstream products were analyzed and the technical features and advance in PO production processes were summarized. There would be sufficient space for development of PO market. The clean,cost-effective,environment-friendly HPPO process represents the future trend. Some development proposals on industrial layout adjustment and upgrading PO industry were put forward to address the existing problems of concentrated production capacity,inefficient small-scale production,and high proportion of backward technology,such as adjusting capacity distribution with respect to rising PO demand in the midwest region of China,promoting localized HPPO process to accelerate industry upgrading,building supply chain integration and forming large-scale production to realize benefit maximization. Such proposals could provide guidance for development of PO industry.

Adiponitrile is an important intermediate for producing nylon 66, and can be synthesized by electrolysis-dimerization of acrylonitrile or Hydrocyanation of 1,3-butadiene. The technology characteristics and chemical reaction principles have been introduced in detail in this paper. And the two production technologies of adiponitrile are also compared with each other. The results show that the electrolysis-dimerization process is simpler,but the high cost in electrolysis and raw material has limited its development.While the hydrocyanation process is a more complex technology in the preparation, recovery and regeneration of the catalyst, and uses volatile and highly toxic hydrocyanic acid as raw material, it is more advantageous in energy consumption, raw material costs and production capacity. So, the hydrocyanation process is a prior development direction for producing adiponitrile.

Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers are the best device to utilize inferior coal. In-situ SO₂ removal with limestone is easy and low-cost, but the desulfurization efficiency and calcium utilization are not high enough. Under the circumstance of the ultra-low emission of coal-fired boilers, it is still necessary to investigate the way to improve the sulfur removal performance in CFB boilers. In this paper, SO₂ removal with limestone was reviewed. The effect of H₂O on CaO sulfation was introduced, as well as the simultaneous calcination/sulfation reaction and the model. The use of smaller limestone particles and sorbents reactivation was also introduced. The emphasis was put on the simultaneous calcination /sulfation reaction of limestone, in which the phenomenon that CaCO₃ in limestone cannot decompose completely under CFB conditions was analyzed. The research progress of this reaction as well as the work still need to be done was described. A new model was put forward, which is based on the random pore concept and considered the calcination, sintering and sulfation reaction simultaneously. The new model can describe the reaction process of limestone in CFB more accurately. The research of desulfurization in CFB should be based on the real reaction process of limestone, and the simplification of this reaction should be limited to the reasonable bounds, otherwise the research conclusion cannot reflect its real characteristics.

In recent years, using ionic liquids instead of traditional solvents to regurate various interactions in the crystallization process to obtain novel crystal structures is the research front of pharmaceutical crystal engineering. In ionic liquid systems, researchers have produced new pharmaceutical crystal forms or crystal habits which were not achievable with traditional solvents, and the corresponding mechanisms have also been studied preliminarily. In this review, the achievements of the use of ionic liquids in pharmaceutical crystal engineering were summaried, including the compositions and properties of ionic liquids, pharmaceutical solubilization, pharmaceutical polymorphs, crystal habits and formation of pharmaceutical co-crystals, and salts directed by ionic liquids. According to the intermolecular interaction, the mechanisms of these achievements were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, molecular dynamics simulation and other means, in which hydrogen bond and van der Waals interaction have played an important role. The existing problems in this field include the selection of ionic liquids, the corresponding mechanism, and practical applications. The selection criteria for ionic liquids and in-depth mechanism research shall be the main research direction in the future.

Strain evolution engineering is an important strategy for green bio-manufacturing. High-throughput screening methods and techniques can be used to quickly obtain ideal strains. In view of the high-throughput screening methods in strain evolution engineering, this paper focuses on the important advances in high-throughput screening techniques based on color or fluorescence, cell growth, biosensor, and droplet microfluidic platforms. At the same time, the application range and characteristics of various high-throughput screening technologies were introduced, providing theoretical guidance for researchers to obtain ideal strain having physiological or metabolic capacity significantly improved from different evolutionary libraries, so the screening efficiency can be greatly improved and the time and cost can be reduced. Finally, to the future studies shall focus on the important influence of the development of artificial intelligence, synthetic biology and bioinformatics on high-throughput screening technology, in order to improve the accuracy, efficiency and application range of high-throughput screening technology, and accelerate the evolution process and industrialization process of strains.

Nature has long been considered as a source of inspiration for researchers. Super-hydrophobic surface,which are inspired by the super-hydrophobic structures of animals and plants combing with the influences of external environment and are taken full consideration of surface chemical composition together with the surface microstructure,have been studied and successfully prepared. In this paper the numerous preparation methods continually emerge with the further research for super-hydrophobic surface. Six common preparation methods including plasma method, etching,sol-gel,deposition,template and layer-by-layer method for super-hydrophobic coating were reviewed. Besides,the related application in drag reduction,anti-icing and anti-snowing,corrosion resistance and oil-water separation were introduced. The growth trends of super-hydrophobic surface were also prospected.

As a kind of burgeoning carbon nanomaterials,carbon quantum dots have attracted much research attention in recent years,especially those prepared by using natural substances as the origin of carbon. In this review,various synthesis methods of carbon quantum dots were introduced based on the latest research progress,including top-down approach and bottom-up approach. In addition,we summarized the typical characterization methods for carbon dots,such as TEM,Raman spectrum,fluorescence spectrum,ultraviolet-visible spectrum,X-ray diffraction,and nuclear magnetic resonance. The properties of carbon quantum dots and their applications in bioimaging,biological sensing and detection as well as photocatalysis are also introduced. Finally,the future development of carbon quantum dots in photocatalysis and electrocatalysis are forecasted.

In the past decades, biochar has received considerable attention due to potential environmental applications and advantages of low cost, environmental friendliness and renewability. In this paper, the concept, applications and properties of biochar were summarized, as well as research advances on adsorption of heavy metals. Biochar is the porous carbonaceous materials produced by thermochemical conversion of biomass in zero or limited oxygen atmosphere and it is suitable for soil amendment. Biochar can improve crop yields, realize carbon sequestration and mitigate climate change, and also has potential applications in catalysis, energy production and wastewater treatment. Biochar can be prepared by pyrolysis, gasification and hydrothermal carbonization, and its properties depend on biomass feeds, thermochemical process and technical parameters. Adsorption of heavy metals onto biochar was surveyed, including affecting parameters, adsorption mechanism and modifications of biochar. Adsorption mechanism can be revealed by adsorption kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics and advanced characterizations. Recent advances focus on improving adsorption performance of biochar by surface modifications, which are achieved via physicochemical activations or impregnating metal oxides, functional organics or nano particles. There exist some challenges and wide gap for treatment of real wastewater by biochar.

Cu-ZrO₂-CeO₂/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method using γ-Al₂O₃ as the support. The catalysts were characterized by means of XRD,N₂ adsorption-desorption,H₂-TPR,CO₂-TPD,NH₃-TPD and BET. Hydrogen production by the steam reforming of methanol over the Cu-ZrO₂-CeO₂/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst was studied in a fixed bed micro-reactor. The effects of reaction temperature,mole ratio of H₂O to methanol,WHSV on the catalytic performance and the stability of the catalysts were investigated. The experimental results showed that the methanol conversion rate reached 99%,the selectivity of hydrogen was 98%,while the selectivity of carbon monoxide was only 2.5% under the conditions of temperature 260℃,mole ratio of water to methanol of 1.2:1,and WHSV of 3.6h^-1. Characterization results showed that the addition of CeO₂ and ZrO₂ promoted the dispersion of the active component on the surface of the carrier,affected the pore structure and acidity of the catalysts,and increased their activity.

This review first describes the general significance of the study on stimuli-responsive polymers. Then the latest research progress in the design, synthesis and application of stimuli-responsive polymers in aqueous solution is reviewed. Three kinds of stimuli-responsive polymers are introduced:① single stimuli-responsive polymers:temperature, pH, light and other single stimuli-responsive polymers. ②dual stimuli-responsive polymers:temperature/pH, temperature/light and temperature/redox stimuli-responsive polymers. ③ multiple stimuli-responsive polymers:temperature/light/pH, temperature/light/redox and temperature/pH/CO₂ stimuli-responsive polymers. In addition, the dual and multiple stimuli-responsive polymers are intensively reviewed. At last, the current situation and problems of multiple stimuli-responsive polymers are summarized, and the development of multiple stimulus responsive polymers with high sensitivity, high sensitivity and good reversikility will be the future development directions.

As current hot new industry,new energy vehicles are supported by governments around the world because of its environmentally friendly and technology intensive features.Especially in China,the development of new energy vehicle industry is very rapid.In this paper,the development situation of natural gas vehicle,electric vehicle and fuel cell vehicle was introduced in detail.Focusing on the analysis of comprehensive cost,technical bottlenecks,pollutant emission,subsidies and social operating cost of these three kinds of passenger vehicles,the development proposals were put forward.New energy vehicle industry should be developed based on local resources and regional characteristics.The subsidy way of electric vehicle needed to be changed to promote its healthy development.The development layout of fuel cell vehicle should be speeded up to preempt the zenith of fuel cell technology.

It has been a 10-year development history of smart plant undertaken by China Petrochemical Corporation since 2012. The planning and design smart plant 3.0 is currently underway. What problems exist in the current petrochemical smart plant? What are the development trends of intelligent process manufacturing? How to carry out top-level design of future smart plant?In response to these three questions, this paper summarizes the existing problems, business need and technical capability requirements of petrochemical plant. The technology development trend of intelligent process manufacturing is analyzed from three perspectives, including industrial software, open process automation (OPA) and EPC implementation. The cases and enlightenment of Global Lighthouse Network (GLN) are studied. The basic characteristics, connotation and evolution route of intelligent process manufacturing are expounded. The six characteristics and five key capabilities that petrochemical smart plant should have in the future are put forward. Scope of construction content, implementation consideration and key elements of use cases were discussed, and finally the future development is prospected.

As the most important research field of the modern chemical industry development in our country,distillation process intensification technology is a successful example of the application of process reinforcement in the chemical industry field. With the development of recent years,the study of distillation process intensification technology has formed a relatively complete system,but there are also a series of new difficult problems and challenges. Therefore,aiming at two important essential questions of relative volatility intensification and mass transfer process intensification,this paper will focus on the basic theory innovation,the key technology breakthrough and the key equipment research to comprehensively introduce the following three aspects:the introduction of mass separating agent to strengthen distillation process,the introduction of energy separating agent to strengthen distillation process and advanced equipment to strengthen distillation process. Azeotropic distillation,extractive distillation and reactive distillation are the typical strengthen distillation process of mass separating agent. The typical energy separating agents are the plus fields such as microwave field,high gravity field,magnetic field,electric field and ultrasonic field. Those were introduced in detail in the first and second part of this paper. In the last part,new type of packing,new type of tray and divided wall distillation column were systematic introduced.

With the development of processing technology and the emergence of new material, the excellent properties of micro-channel heat exchanger are paid great attention by people gradually.Hence the micro-channel heat exchanger is rapidly expanded into different areas, for example, aerospace engineering, HVAC, MNSR, fuel cell power submarine, etc.But there are some problems in the research and application of micro-channel heat exchanger, which limit its popularization, such as the mechanism and numerical calculation of the two-phase flow heat exchange, the distribution of refrigerant and air flow in HVAC, frosting problem in heat pump system, industry specifications of manufacture, etc.Therefore, around the above problems, this paper, in order to provide the reference for the researchers, introduces the technical characteristics of micro-channel heat exchanger by comparing with other types of heat exchangers, summarizes the research status and the application field of micro-channel heat exchanger mainly by the research results at home and abroad in recent years and points out the application prospect and the research direction in the future.